CHAPTER XI.
Of thetford Bishoprick, the Bishop's palace, and
cathedral church.
Sigebert, son of Redwald King of the East-Angles, being suspected
by his brother Erpenwald, or Corpwald, to aspire to the crown, was,
soon after his father's death, banished into France, where he applied
himself diligently to his studies, under Felix, a Burgundian, who fully
instructed him in the Christian faith, and then baptized him, by
which means having contracted an intimate familiarity, when
Sigebert was made King at Corpwald's death, he brought Felix along
with him, and encouraged him to preach, and convert his people to
the knowledge of the Gospel; this Felix undertook with the utmost
expedition, and greatest diligence, and having made many converts,
he built several churches, as Babingley, Felixtoxe, (fn. 1) &c. and being
consecrated by Honorius Archbishop of Canterbury, (fn. 2) became the first
Bishop of the East-Angles, and placed his see at Dunwich in Suffolk,
in the year 636, according to the Saxon Chronicle, and 630, according to Godwin, and other historians; he died March 8th, 6. 7. There
sat only two Bishops at Dunwich after him, before the see was divided
by Bisus into two bishopricks, one to be Bishop over Suffolk, whose
see remained at Dunwich, the other over Norfolk, whose see was placed
at North-Elmham, which, after a succession of eleven Bishops at Dunwich, became the only see of both counties, and so continued till
Herfast, or Arfast, the Conqueror's chaplain, who was made
Bishop in the year 1070, removed the see from Elmham to Thetford
in 1075, according to the order of the council held by Lanfrank Archbishop of Canterbury, which appointed, that all bishops sees, which
were settled in villages, should be removed to the most eminent cities
in their dioceses, and so this became fixed here, Thetford being far
superiour to Elmham in populousness and wealth.
The mother church of this city was dedicated to St. Mary, and
stood where the free-school, and master of the hospital's house now
stands; this, in all probability, belonged to the Bishop of the province, (who, it is to be thought, had a house near it,) till Stigand retained it in his hands, with other revenues of the bishoprick, after he
left the see: but upon his disgrace, the King gave it, with the four
churches appendant to it, and all that belonged to them, to Bishop
Arfast and his heirs, in fee and inheritance, who placed his episcopal
chair in it, and afterwards gave the inheritance of it to Richard, his
eldest son, and the other four churches to his other sons, and their
heirs. This Arfast, assisted by Roger Bygod, rebuilt the church,
dedicating it to St. Mary, the Holy Trinity, and all the Saints, and
joined his palace, or mansion-house, to the north side of it, towards
its west end, of which there is so much now standing, (which serves
for a wall to the garden, facing the Canons,) that we can plainly distinguish its breadth; it consisted of a nave, two isles, a north and
south transept, (the arch of which now divides the school and master's
apartment,) and a chancel or choir, the east end of which reached
the street, within about 12 yards, as its foundation discovers, so that
it was a noble church, fit for the cathedral of such a see. Arfast was
in great favour with the Conqueror, being his Chancellor for some
time, as well as chaplain; he spared no cost nor pains to augment his
see in wealth and buildings; Weaver tells us, (fn. 3) he was chaplain to the
Conqueror, when he was only Duke of Normandy, and was first a
monk of Bec abbey in Normandy, being well esteemed among them
for his learning, because before Lanfrank (who was after Archbishop
of Canterbury) was made abbot of that house, the monks were
illiterate, and mere drones, and there Arfast, who had a smattering
of learning, made a great shew among them; but when Lanfrank became their abbot, he soon brought his house to be even an university,
flourishing with all knowledge of good letters. Hither Arfast came,
after a pompous and bragging manner, attended with a great troop;
Lanfrank, who immediately espied his ignorance, caused an A B C
to be laid before him, mocking the pride of the man with a witty
jest, which Arfast look so to heart, that he never ceased till he caused
the Duke to banish him out of Normandy; howbeit, Lanfrank happening to ride on a lame jade when he came to take leave of the
Duke, the Duke fell into such a laughter at the halting of his horse,
as in that merry mood, by reason of some friends, he was quickly reconciled to him again. But though Lanfrank was afterwards in great
favour, yet Arfast, it is plain, did not forget him; for at his disgrace
the King gave him good part of Lanfrank's estate. Arfast sat Bishop
till 1084, and then dying here, (fn. 4) was buried in his cathedral, (fn. 5) with
this epitaph on his monument,
Nic, Arfaste pie, Pater optime at Acca Sophie,
Uibis per merita nirtutum Laude perita:
Uos qui transitis hic omes atque reditis,
Dicite, quod Christi Pietas sit promptior isti.
He was succeeded by
William Galsagus, (fn. 6) whose right sirname was de Bello-Fago,
or Beaufo, who was nominated by the King to the see of Thetford,
on Christmas day, 1085, (fn. 7) and was consecrated at Canterbury in 1086;
he did all he could to adorn and enrich his see, both in buildings
and possessions, being a very wealthy man, and a person of much
worth for his learning and conduct; he is said, by some authors, to
have been Chancellor to the King, as well as his predecessor; but
plain it is, he was in great favour with the Conqueror, who gave him
no less than thirty odd manors, in fee, (fn. 8) to him and his heirs, besides
lands and revenues in above forty other towns, some of which belonged to Stigand, who had took them from the see, others to Earl
Ralph, others to Guert, others to the see, to which at his death, he
left all those that ever did belong to it, with many others of his own
gift, being the greatest benefactor that the bishoprick ever had. In
Domesday-Book, fol. 143, its revenues are described under the title of
The Land of the Bishop of Tedford, belonging to the Bishoprick, in the
Confessor's Days; (fn. 9) and now (that is in the Conqueror's) belonging
to William, Bishop there, who holds them in right of his bishoprick,
viz. the manors of Cresingham-Magna, Gaywood, Thornham, Tofts,
Elmham, Colkirk, Saxlingham, Thornage, Swanton, Hindringham,
Egmere, Hemelinton, Hilderston, Helmingham, Swafield, and Stratton
in Depwade Hundred, besides several other lordships and revenues in
many places, of all which he left his see possessed at his death, which
was in or about 1091, in which year he was succeeded by
Herbert Losinga, (fn. 10) who was born at Orford in Suffolk, and was
Prior of the monastery of Fiscamp in Normandy, and came back into
England, at the request of William Rufus, who much favoured him,
and kept him in his court, where he was not idle, for in three years
time he had so feathered his nest, (as Mr. Weaver expresses it,) that he
could give the King 1900l. for this see, and also buy, for his father
Robert de Losing, the abbacy of Winchester; for satisfaction of which
simony, Pope Paschal II. enjoined him to build certain churches and
monasteries, as a pennance, all which he performed, and that in a
most sumptuous manner, of which the cathedral at Norwich, St.
Margaret's at Lynn, St. Nicholas's at Yarmouth, the church of NorthElmham, and St. Leonard's on the Hill, over-against the cathedral,
on the other side of the river, (which is now ruined.) are sufficient
witnesses; he was an excellent scholar, being author of divers
learned treatises: Pits, in his history of English writers, (fn. 11) gives him a
great character: he sat in this see till April 9, 1094, and then translated it from Thetford to Norwich, to the great detriment of this city,
which hath been decaying by degrees ever since. But that he might
make some amends to it, he persuaded Roger Bygod to build a monastery for Cluniac monks, and place them in the church of St.
Mary, lately the episcopal see of Thetford, which he did, though he
designed to remove them (as his son Hugh Bygod afterwards did) to
a more convenient place without the city. The account of the translation of the see is thus recorded in Trevisa's Policronicon, fol. 275.
Aboute that tyme, Robert Losange that haddee ben sometime
Abbot of Ramsay, and was thenne Byshope of Tedford, was a grete
Houry for symeoye. for he had boughte the Byshopryche of the kinge,
but afterwarde he was sory, and bywept the unshylfull Reste of hes
Yougth, and toke the Daye to Rome, and came Home agayne, and
chaunged and torned his See, from Tedforde to Norwyche. And he
founded a solempne Abbaye with his owne Catayle, and not with the
Cataylle of his Bysshopryche. But at Tedford he ordeyned monkes
of Cluny, that were ryche in the Worlde, and clere of Relungyon to
Godwarde
And from this time to King Henry the Eighth's days,
there was no bishop here, till that King made it a suffragan bishoprick to the see of Norwich, for he appointed that in the larger dioceses
there should be suffragan bishops, chosen after this manner, the
Bishop should present two persons to the King, who should choose
which he pleased: according to this method, Bishop Richard Nix, a
few days before his death, nominated to the King, who elected,
John Salisbury, late Prior of Horsham, who was consecrated
by the Archbishop of Canterbury, March 19, 1536, and in 1539 became Dean of Norwich, and Archdeacon of Anglesey, in 1546, Rector of
Lopham, in 1554, Rector of Diss and of Thorp on the Hill in Lincoln
diocese, all which he held by license from Archbishop Parker, dated
in 1570. In 1571, he was confirmed Bishop of Sodor, or the Isle of
Man, and died in Sept. 1573. After whose death I meet with no
successours in his office, though "the late Dr. George Hicks, a nonjuror, to uphold the schism of that party, after the seven non
juring bishops were dead, (which in the judgment of Mr. Dodwell
and Nelson, did of course expire, and could not be upheld without
degenerating into presbytery, and so becoming sinful,) assumed the
title of (suffragan) Bishop of Thetford," (fn. 12) and presumed to ordain
by that title, as appears by an instrument under his seal, (which represented a shepherd with a sheep on his shoulders, and a crook in
his hand, with this motto, The good Shepherd,) in which he declares,
that he ordained Laurence Howel, A. M. priest, in his oratory in St.
Andrew's, Holbourn, London, October 2, 1712, which instrument is
printed in the Daily Courant, for Monday, Sept. 10, 1716. And this
is all that I find as to this bishoprick, either in its superiour or inferiour state.