Folios cxi - cxx: June 1363 -

Folio cxi.

Writ to the Mayor and Sheriffs to cause certain ordinances (fn. 1) for preserving the peace, &c., to be proclaimed in the City. Witness the King at Westminster, 12 June, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363].

Folio cxi b.

Writ to the Sheriffs to make proclamation encouraging the practice of archery by way of a pastime in place of football, cock-fighting, &c. Witness the King at Westminster, 1 June, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363]. (fn. 2)

Custod' Joh' is fil' Thom' Aleyn calcar'.

8 March, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1362-3], the guardianship of John, son of Thomas Aleyn, spurrier, aged eighteen years, committed by Stephen de Cavendisshe, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and John de Cauntebrigge, the Chamberlain, to John de Stokyngberi, fishmonger. Sureties, viz., William Olneye, Ralph Mordone, and Nicholas Extone.

Afterwards, viz., on the 12th Dec., 43 Edward III. [A.D. 1369], the above John, son of Thomas Aleyn, came before John de Chichestre, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and John de Cauntebrigge, the Chamberlain, and acknowledged satisfaction for money due to him.

Custod' Henr' filii Rob' ti de Guldeforde orpham.

21 March, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1362-3], the guardianship of Henry, son of Robert de Guldeforde, aged ten years, committed by the same to Thomas de Kendale, Rector of the church of St.Augustine near St. Paul's Gate. Sureties, viz., John Chaumpeneys and John Payn, "furbour."

Custod' Joh' is filii Joh' is de Bleythe cellar'.

24 April, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363], the guardianship of John, son of John de Bleythe, saddler, aged fourteen years, committed by the same to John Lubek, saddler, together with the sum of 20 marks. Sureties, viz., John Payn, "furbour," and John "Outlecote" (or "Ittilcote"), draper.

Folio cxii.

Indentura int' Joh' em de Hatfeld seniorem chaundeler et Ric' m Bacoun piscenar' custod' pontis et Kat'rinam quond' ux' Joh' is de Bov yngdone de ten' in vico de Westchope in p'och' omnium Sanctor' de Hony lane London'.

Grant by John de Hatfeld, senior, "chaundeler," and Richard Bacoun, fishmonger, Wardens of London Bridge, with the assent of the Mayor and Aldermen, to Katherine, wife of John de Bovyngdone, late apothecary, of a certain shop formerly tenanted by John de Paston, late apothecary, in Westchepe, in the parish of All Hallows de Honylane; to hold the same for a term of twenty years, at an annual rent of 7 marks. Dated 1 June, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363].

Br'e R' ad reciprend' manuc' Joh' de Rodlond in prisona d' ni R' de Flete existent'.

Writ to Stephen de Cavendisshe, the Mayor, permitting him to take surety for the appearance of John de Rodlond, a prisoner in the Flete, before the King and Council at Westminster in the octave of St. Michael. Witness the King at Hatfeld, 16 July, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363].

Return made to the effect that the Mayor had accepted William and Peter de Fykeldene as sureties.

Folio cxii b.

Br'e de parliamento.

Writ to the Sheriffs for the election of two citizens to attend a Parliament to be held at Westminster in the octave of St. Michael next. (fn. 3) Witness the King at Westminster, 1 June, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363].

Elected—William Holbeche and John de St. Alban, Aldermen; Simon de Benyngtone and John de Tornegold, commoners.

Exoneracio executor' Joh' is Stable de c marcis.

Friday after the Feast of St. Luke [18 Oct.], 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363], came Adam Stable, mercer, and Henry Forester, mercer, executors of John Stable, mercer, before Stephen Cavendisshe, the Mayor, Thomas de Lodelowe, the Recorder, John Noot, James de Thame, William Holbeche, Walter Forester, and Simon de Worstede, Aldermen, and delivered to John de Cantebrigge, the Chamberlain, the sum of 100 marks for the use of Thomas and Isabella, children of the said John Stable, and they received acquittance.

Custodia pueror' Joh' is Stable mercer.

Thereupon the said Mayor, Aldermen, and Chamberlain committed the guardianship of the above Thomas and Isabella, aged respectively four and three years, together with the said sum of 100 marks, to Walter Blaunkeneye, mercer. Sureties, viz., William de Tudenham, mercer, John de Worstede, mercer, Thomas de Mounteneye, mercer, and William Betele, mercer.

Custodia Alicie filie Rob'i Fourneux.

6 Nov., 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363], the guardianship of Alice, daughter of Robert Furneux, fishmonger, aged four years, committed by John Nott, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and the Chamberlain to Andrew Pykeman, fishmonger. Sureties, viz., William Kyngestone, "fresshfisshmongere," and Thomas Mockyngge.

Folio cxiii.

Procl' de vinis et oleo.

Writ to the Sheriffs that they warn merchants and masters of ships carrying wine and oil to discharge their cargo at quays and wharves to be gauged, and not secretly remove it in small crayers and boats to avoid being gauged. Witness the King at Westminster, 18 [month omitted], 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363].

Judicium collistrig'.

9 Nov., 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363], William Cokke de Heese condemned to the pillory by the Mayor, the Recorder, William Welde, James Andreu, William Holbeche, William de Tudenham, James de Thame, and Simon de Worstede, Aldermen, for refusing to sell corn at the market price to a servant of Robert de la Launde, goldsmith. (fn. 4)

Br'e patens pro deliberacione gaole de Neugate.

Letters patent appointing Henry Grene, Robert de Thorpe, John Nott, the Mayor, John Knyvet, and Thomas de Lodelowe, or any four, three, or two of them (the Mayor being one), to be Justices of gaol-delivery of Neugate. Witness the King at Westminster, 12 Dec., 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363].

William Goryng and William atte Castell, English weavers, sworn surveyors of their mistery anno 38 [Edward III.].

John Jonkere and William atte Brugges, foreign weavers, from Flanders, similarly sworn.

William Vyolet and William van Carnewyk, weavers of Brabant, similarly sworn.

Folio cxiii b.

Obligacio Ric i de Haveresham nil quia tangit com Hereford.

Bond entered into by Richard de Haveresham, clerk, in the sum of £1000, to be paid to Sir Humphrey [de Bohun], Earl of Hereford Northampton, and Essex, Constable of England, or his attorney, at Easter next. Dated 8 Nov., 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363].

Indenture to the effect that the above bond shall be void if the above Richard will submit to the judgment of the said earl touching trespasses committed by the said earl towards the said Richard [!].

Custodie [sic] pueror' Joh is de Derham chaundeler.

12 Dec., 36 Edward III. [A.D. 1362], came the executors of John de Hatfeld, "chaundeler, and delivered to John Nott, the Mayor, and John de Cauntebrigge, the Chamberlain, a sum of money which had been given to them by Simon Dolsely, late Mayor, and the said John de Cauntebrigge on the 10th March, 34 Edward III. [A.D. 1359-60], in trust for Johanna and Juliana, daughters of John "de Derham, (fn. 5) and the same was delivered to Cecilia, widow of the said John de Derham, together with the custody of the said Juliana, aged eight years. Sureties, viz., Andrew Pykeman, fishmonger, William Bisshe, "stokfisshmongere", and John Wyrhale.

Folio cxiv.

Custodia Thom fil Osberty Wynter poletar'.

1 July, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363], the guardianship of Thomas, son of Osbert Wynter, poulterer, aged eight years, committed by Stephen Cavendisshe, the Mayor, and John de Cauntebrigge, the Chamberlain, to John de Conyngesburgh, poulterer. Sureties, viz., John Popel and John Plott, poulterers.

The same day the guardianship of Henry, son of the above Osbert, aged three years, was committed by the same to William Waleys, junior, girdler. Sureties, viz., Stephen Edolf and Richard Russel.

Afterwards, viz., on the Feast of St. Edmund the King [20 Nov.], 49 Edward III. [A.D. 1375], the above William rendered account of money received before Adam Stable, Alderman, and John Bures, and paid what was due, as appears in Letter-[Book] H, fo. xxv[b], where the said William is discharged of the guardianship.

23 Dec. [year not mentioned], Thomas de Thorney, "grosser," delivered to the Chamberlain a sum of money to the use of John, son of William de Thorneye, being part of a debt due from the said Thomas to John Gunnewardby, and seized in his hands by the Mayor and Aldermen.

Acquretanc' Thom' de Shobury exec'.

ijs vjd.

A general release by Thomas, son of John de Guldeford, to Thomas de Shobury, spicer, and Juliana his wife, executrix of Richard de Tiscote, one of the executors of the said John. Dated Wednesday before the Feast of Purification B. M. [2 Feb.], 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1363-4].

Catall' lib' ata fuer' Marie fil' Rog' i Balcoun per Joh' em Hoke allut'.

20 Feb., 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1363-4], came Mary, daughter of Roger Balcoun, before the Chamberlain and acknowledged satisfaction to John Hoke, cordwainer, for all goods and chattels bequeathed to her by her father.

Carpentar' et cementar' jur'.

John de Totenham and Richard de Salopia, carpenters, and Richard de Salynge and Richard atte Cherche, masons, sworn to survey nuisances and to make partition of messuages between parties pleading, &c.

Folio cxiv b.

Custod' Rob' ti fil' Rob' ti de Lutone.

19 June, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363], a sum of money committed by Stephen de Cavendisshe, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and John de Cauntebrigge, the Chamberlain, to William Kyng, draper, in trust for Robert, son of Robert de Lutone. Sureties, viz., John Rothynge and William de Glendale.

Custod' pueror' Joh' is Terry.

4 Nov., 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363], a sum of money committed by John Notte, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and John de Cauntebrugge, the Chamberlain, to John Terry, in trust for John, aged sixteen years, and Henry, aged five years, sons of the said John Terry. Sureties, viz., Symon Daniel and Adam Lovekyn, pepperer.

Afterwards, viz., on the 18th March, 42 Edward III. [A.D. 1367-1368], came the above John, son of John Terry, before James Andrew, the Mayor, and John Cantebrigge, the Chamberlain, and acknowledged satisfaction for 100s., and the said father and his sureties were quit.

Folio cxiv.

Afterwards, viz., on the 13th Dec., 14 Richard II. [A.D. 1390], inasmuch as the above Henry was dead, came the above John, his brother, before Adam Bamme, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and Richard Odyham, the Chamberlain, and asked that his brother's property might be delivered to him. Thereupon came Henry Stacy, grocer, one of the executors of Adam Lovekyn, and paid the said John 100s., and John Terry and his sureties were discharged.

Folio cxiv b-cxvi.

Statute 37 Edward III. (fn. 6) enacting (inter alia) that no one engross merchandise to enhance the price thereof, but each shall trade in one commodity only, such as he may choose (cap. v.).

Folio cxvi.

Petition of the good folk of Fullers of the City to the Mayor and Aldermen that certain ordinances may be granted for the common weal of the realm and City and honour and preservation of their mistery, to the effect, viz. :—

Ordinacio Fullonum.

That six of the better men of the mistery be elected and sworn before the Mayor and Aldermen to oversee the workmen of the mistery, and to present before them such defects as may be found for the punishment of misdoers at the discretion of the said Mayor and Aldermen.

That no one of the mistery sell or expose for sale in his house or elsewhere any cloth except his own, on pain of forfeiture of the value of the cloth.

That no stranger of the mistery coming to the City be allowed to keep house or shop unless he be first examined by the masters of the mistery, that shall be elected and sworn to see if he be able and sufficient to work in the mistery or not. And if found able and sufficient, that they cause him to appear before the Mayor and Aldermen and be made free by the said masters and none other, under penalty of 40s.

That no one of the said mistery receive a workman until approved by the masters and the amount that he ought to take for a day's wage be fixed. And if he be declared unfit, that he be ousted from the mistery unless he be willing to become an apprentice.

That any one, be he master or servant, rebelling against the masters so that they cannot make a proper search, pay half a mark for the first offence, 10s. for the second, with an additional 40d. for every other offence.

That if master and valet or servant be at variance, no other master shall put that valet or servant to work until they become of accord, under penalty of 40s.

That no master refuse to pay wages due or force a servant to work beyond the terms of contract under penalty of 40s.

That a valet or servant making default to his master, by covine or enticement, be fined 40s.

That valets or servants combining to obtain more than their proper wage, to the hurt of the people, be committed to prison for a year, besides making fine at the discretion of the Mayor and Aldermen.

Folio cxvi b.

That any one procuring a servant, journeyman, or apprentice to leave his master before fulfilment of his contract pay to the Chamber 40s.

The names of those sworn to see that the above articles are observed, and to present defects to the Mayor, viz., Roger atte Wode, John Clerk, John Cokke, William Doder, William Moteshunte, and John Sheme (Steme ?).

The following sworn to observe the above articles under penalty prescribed, viz., Geoffrey de Suttone, Robert Baas, John Bate, Nicholas Tamworth, William atte Corner, William Berkhamstede, Nicholas Murdone, Thomas Sley, Elias atte Plotte, Robert Pope, William Wermenstre, Gilbert Spencer, Nicholas Kene (Keue ?), John Chestre, John Woubourne, Geoffrey Wockyngge, William Lyndeseye, Richard Sket, John Wykhale, William Stoket, and Richard Hay.

Folio cxvii

Writ of Privy Seal to the Mayor, Aldermen, Sheriffs, and Commonalty of the City that they continue their diligence in suppressing usury. Dated at Westminster, 7 March, 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1363-4].

John Lovekyn and Stephen Cavendysshe (loco James Andrew, being absent), Aldermen, and John Hiltoft, John Worstede, William de Essex, and Thomas Athelby, Commoners, elected to hear and try all plaints in respect of the above matter, together with the Mayor for the time being.

Folio cxvii b.

Acquietancia Petri Semere per Thom' de Guldeford.

Acquittances by Thomas, son of John de Guldeford, to John Lucas, clerk, and Peter Semere de Guldeford, executors of John de Guldeford. Dated Wednesday before the Purification B. M. [2 Feb.], 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1363-4].

Acquiet' Henr' de Newlond et alior' per Alex' m de Prestone groscer' et Agn' ux' ejus.

Acquittance by Alexander de Prestone, "groscer," and Agnes his wife, late wife and executrix of Simon de Chippenham, to Henry "de" Newlond, John Newlond, and John the chaplain of Rokeswell, touching any contract made between Thomas de Haukedone and the aforesaid Simon. Dated 12 April, 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1364].

Soluciones pro custod' gaole de Neugate.

Be it remembered that William Passeware and William de Kyngestone paid for themselves and their fellow-sureties of John Okebourne, late Keeper of the gaol of Newegate, in the presence of John Notte, the Mayor, Thomas de Lodelowe, the Recorder, and other Aldermen, viz., to Thomas Mounteney and his fellows £42 13s. 0½d.; to Alice, late wife of Philip Sergeant, "diere," 25 marks; and to Thomas Suttone, "taillour," 20 marks.

L' ra attorn' Joh' is Hanneye civis et auri fabr' London'.

Power of attorney by John Hanneye, goldsmith, to John Wynd, goldsmith, to recover money due, &c. Dated 27 Aug., 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1364].

Acknowledged before John Notte, the Mayor, and Aldermen 28 Aug.

Folio cxviii.

Br' e d' ni Regis de proclamacione fac' de certis articulis cissores London' tangentib'.

Writ to the Sheriffs that proclamation be made to the effect that on petition of the Tailors and Linen-armourers of the City the King had granted them the right to hold their guild within the City once a year, and therein to make regulations for their misteries, correct abuses, &c. (fn. 7) Witness the King at Westminster, 7 March, 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1363-4].

Proclamation made accordingly Saturday before the Feast of St. Gregory [12 March].

Thereupon came good men of the mistery of Tailors of London, viz., Adam Karlel, Richard de Knousleghe, Walter "Yweyn," Robert Somersete, John de Radynge, Robert Boxeford, Thomas Forneus, Walter Lodeneye, Thomas Swafham, John Tylneye, William Horstone, Richard de Karltone, Richard de Par', Richard de Stoke, Thomas Pyke, and John Northfolke, and prayed the Mayor and Aldermen that no one might be admitted to the freedom of the City in the mistery of the Tailors, except by six men of the foregoing; so that six should come before the Chamberlain and certify the conditions of those who ought to be admitted to its freedom, &c., and this for the common weal of the City, &c.

Afterwards, viz., on the 28th Aug., 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1364], the above names were changed and others put in their place, without whom no one of the mistery of Tailors ought to be admitted to the freedom of the City, so that six of them shall be sureties, &c., their names being Walter "Ewayn," William Moderby, John Furneys, John Willardby, William Codgrave, William Horston, John Tylneye, Geoffrey de Kent, John "de" Nor[folk], John Wandone, Hugh le Walsshe.

Folios cxviii b.

Ordinacio di Usur'.

Ordinance by the Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty against usurious bargains, proclaimed on Saturday, 9 March, 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1363-4]. (fn. 8)

Folio cxix.

Friday the Feast of Conversion of St. Paul [25 Jan.], 50 Edward III. [A.D. 1375-6], William Waleworth and John de Norhamptone, Aldermen, and William Essex, Geoffrey Cremelford, Adam Carleal, and John Bosham, Commoners, sworn to hear and try plaints touching usury, pursuant to the above ordinance.

Br' e Regis ad conservand' artic' los in statuto apud Westm' edito a° xv^mo Reg' E' tercii.

Writ to the Mayor and Sheriffs enjoining the due observance of a statute made at Westminster anno 15 Edward III. to the effect that the King and his heirs should have cognizance of defunct usurers and the Ordinaries of the Church cognizance of living usurers, inasmuch as it appertains to them to compel restitution by ecclesiastical censures for usury taken contrary to ecclesiastical law, as in the same statute (fn. 9) more fully is contained. Witness the King at Westminster, 4 March, 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1363-4].

The above writ was cancelled for having surreptitiously emanated from the Chancery without the knowledge of the Chancellor and others of the King's Council, as the Chancellor himself records.

Walter Saleman, John Fulham, William Potynham, and John Copenhull elected and sworn to govern the mistery of Girdlers, and present to the Mayor defects found in the mistery, &c.

Richard Russell, John Abraham, Stephen Kyng, Thomas Shoppe, William Waleys, and John Styward elected and sworn to govern the mistery of Girdlers, &c.

Folio cxix b.

Processus pro maritagio Alicie filie Rob' ti Fourneux versus Andream Pykeman quia ipsam maritavit sine licencia Maior' et Aldermannorum.

Forisfactura valoris maritagii.

26 June, 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363], John de Briklesworth, the Common Serjeant of the City, showed to Stephen de Cavendisshe and the Aldermen that Robert Fourneux, late fishmonger, died seized of divers tenements, and that the Mayor and Aldermen had the disposal of the marriage of Alice, a daughter of the said Robert, being under age; and that Andrew Pykeman, fishmonger, had married Johanna, the widow of the said Robert, and thereby became guardian of the said Alice. And the said Common Serjeant, who prosecutes for City orphans, prayed that the said Andrew might be summoned with the said Alice to give security, &c. Thereupon precept to William de Grenyngham, Serjeant of the Chamber, to summon them, who appeared on the day appointed, and the said Andrew covenanted not to let the said Alice marry without the consent of the Mayor and Aldermen, under penalty of losing the value of the marriage right. Nevertheless the said Andrew had afterwards married the said Alice, without such consent, to Robert, son of Giles Pykeman, and acknowledged his contempt, for which he was committed to prison, whilst twenty-four good men from the four nearest Wards to that in which the aforesaid Robert died were summoned to estimate the value of the marriage. The jurors, viz., Robert Pykot, Simon Danyel, Eudo Purchas, William de Herkestede, Simon de Reynham, Walter Bret, Ralph de Brenham, Richard Russell, Stephen Kynge, John Abraham, Walter Doget, Henry atte Beche, and Robert Beauchamp, say that the marriage of Alice, daughter of Robert Furneux, was worth £44, which sum the said Andrew was condemned to pay into the Chamber for his contempt. (fn. 10)

Folio cxx.

Acquiet' Rog' i de Chesterfeld clerici. nil.

A general release by Thomas, son of John de Enfeld, late chandler, (fn. 11) to Roger de Chestrefeld, clerk, touching any bequest by Margaret de Enfeld, his mother, or other cause. Dated Thursday after the Feast of St. Gregory [12 March], 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1363-4].

Acquiet' Matill' q' fuit ux' Rog' i de Kempes sol' ijs. vjd.

A similar release by the same to Matilda, late wife of Roger de Kempes, on the same account Dated as above.

Custod' pueror' Thome de Macchyngge.

16 March, 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1363-4], the guardianship of Thomas and John, sons of Thomas de Macchyngge, committed by John Noote, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and John de Cantebrigge, the Chamberlain, to John Cok and Margery his wife, relict of the said Thomas de Macchyngge. Sureties, viz., Johanna, late wife of Walter "Etegroue," and Hugh de Tesdale, apothecary.

Exoneracio custod' predicte.

Afterwards, viz., on the 25th May, 2 Richard II. [A.D. 1379], came John, son of the above Thomas [de] Macchyngge, being of full age, before John Philippot, Mayor, and the Aldermen, and received from the above John Cok a sum of money due to him, for which he released the said John Cok and his sureties.

Folio cxix b.

Afterwards the above John, son of Thomas Macchyngge, claimed a further sum of £50 bequeathed to his brother Thomas, since dead, and lying in the Chamber of the Guildhall, which sum was likewise claimed by the above John Cok and Margery his wife, relict and executrix of the said Thomas Macchyngge, as well as by Richard Knowesle and John Joye, co-executors of the same, for pious uses. Thereupon the said parties prayed John Phelipot, the Mayor, and the Aldermen that John Organ and Richard Norbury might adjudicate upon their respective claims.

Afterwards, viz., on the 6th August, 3 Richard II. [A.D. 1379], the parties came and declared that they had come to an agreement, and the money was paid to them out of the Chamber.

Folio cxx b.

Custodia pueror' Will' i Doget vynter.

Thursday after the Feast of St. Gregory [12 March], 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1363-4], the guardianship of William and John, sons of William Doget, late vintner, committed by John Noote, the Mayor, and John de Cantebrigge, the Chamberlain, to John "de" Pykenham, "grocer." Sureties, viz., John de Gartone and John Kestefne, "grocers," and John de Ikelyngham, felmonger.

Afterwards, viz., on Tuesday before the Feast of St. Margaret [20 July], 47 Edward III. [A.D. 1373], came John Pykenham before John Pyel, the Mayor, and the above Chamberlain, and surrendered his guardianship of the above boys to John Lyttle, Alderman. Sureties, viz., Robert Lyttle and John Horn.

x marce lib' ate fuer' Joh' i Rook ad opus Thome de Whytesle.

24 Nov., 37 Edward III. [A.D. 1363], John Noot, the Mayor, and John de Cantebrigge, the Chamberlain, delivered to John Rook, "bakere," the sum of 10 marks, which John de Kent, vintner, bequeathed to Thomas de Whyttesle, to keep in trust for the said Thomas until the latter shall have completed his term of apprenticeship. Sureties, viz., William Sterre, "vyneter," and John de Northfolk, "tayllour."

Custod' Isabelle filie Ric' i de Poulesholte.

27 April, 38 Edward III. [A.D. 1364], the guardianship of Isabella, daughter of Richard de Poulesholte, committed by John Noot, the Mayor, and John de Cantebrigge, the Chamberlain, to Gilbert de Notyngham, "tayllour." Sureties, viz., John de Shalyngford, "tayllour," and William de Cotgrave, "tayllour."

Afterwards, viz., on Saturday after the Feast of Nativity B. M. [8 Sept.], 42 Edward III. [A.D. 1368], came the above John de Shalyngford before James Andrewe, the Mayor, William de Haldene, the Recorder, and the above Chamberlain, and paid certain sums of money to Anne Flour', with whom the above Isabella had been placed as apprentice.