Calne (St. Mary)
CALNE (St. Mary), a
borough, market-town, and
parish, and the head of a
union, in the hundred of
Calne, Chippenham and
Calne, and N. divisions of
Wilts, 30 miles (N. N. W.)
from Salisbury, and 87 (W.
by S.) from London, on the
road to Bath and Bristol;
comprising the tythings of
Blackland, Calstone, Eastmead-Street, Quemerford,
Stock, Stockley, Studley, Whetham, and Whitley; and
containing 5128 inhabitants, of whom 2483 are in the
borough. This place is of very remote origin, and
is supposed to have risen from the ruins of a Roman
station on the opposite side of the river, near Studley,
where numerous Roman antiquities have been discovered. It is said by tradition to have been the residence of the West Saxon monarchs; but no vestiges
exist of their palace or castle, the remembrance of which
is preserved only in the name of a field thought to have
been its site, and of a street which probably led to it.
A synod was assembled here in 977, for adjusting the
differences then prevailing between the monks and the
secular clergy, at which Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, presided. During the controversy the floor of
the chamber gave way, and several of the secular priests
were killed; but Dunstan, and the monks whose cause
he advocated, escaped unhurt; their preservation was
regarded as a miraculous interposition of Heaven, and
they were allowed to take immediate possession of the
religious houses throughout the kingdom, to the exclusion of the secular clergy.
Corporation Seal.
The town consists principally of one long street,
lighted with gas; the houses are in general well built of
stone, and the inhabitants are amply supplied with water
from springs, and from the river Marden, which, after
passing through the town, falls into the Avon. It has
been much improved under the auspices of the Marquess
of Lansdowne, whose extensive and stately mansion is
in the adjoining liberty of Bowood; and the environs
abound with pleasing scenery. The woollen-manufacture, formerly carried on to a great extent, is now conducted on a very limited scale; the articles are principally broad-cloth, kerseymere, and serge. A branch
of the Wilts and Berks canal comes up to the town,
and, uniting with the Kennet and Avon canal, and with
the Thames at Abingdon, affords a facility of communication with London, Bristol, and the intermediate
places. The market is on Wednesday; and fairs are
held on May 6th and September 29th, for cattle and
sheep. The corporation formerly consisted of two
guild stewards, and an indefinite number of free burgesses, who annually appointed two constables; but the
government is now vested in a mayor, four aldermen,
and twelve councillors, under the act of the 5th and 6th
of William IV., cap. 76. The borough first sent members to parliament in the 23rd of Edward I.; from that
time it made irregular returns until the reign of Richard
II., after which it uninterruptedly returned two members; but, by the act of the 2nd of William IV., cap.
45, the number was reduced to one. The right of election, formerly in the members of the corporation, was,
by the above act, extended to the £10 householders of
the borough, the limits of which were increased from
800 to 8080 acres: the mayor is returning officer. The
powers of the county debt-court of Calne, established in
1847, extend over the registration-district of Calne. The
town-hall is a neat and commodious building, erected by
the lord of the manor, and has been repaired, and an
upper story added, by the Marquess of Lansdowne; the
lower part is used as a market-place.
The living is a vicarage, with the living of BerwickBasset annexed, valued in the king's books at £8. 5.;
net income, £769; patron, the Bishop of Salisbury. A
portion of the vicarial tithes was commuted for land in
1813. The church is a venerable structure in the early
English style, with a square embattled tower. A district church, of which the first stone was laid in 1839, by
the Marquess of Lansdowne, attended by a large concourse of the nobility and gentry, was completed at
Derry Hill in 1840; it is an elegant edifice in the later
English style, with a spire, and contains 500 sittings, of
which 400 are free, for the benefit of the inhabitants of
Derry Hill, Studley, and Pewsham, many of whom are
four miles distant from the mother church. The living
was augmented in 1842 to £120 per annum, by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners; patron, the Vicar. There
are places of worship for Baptists, the Society of Friends,
Methodists, and Unitarians. A free school was founded
in 1660, by John Bentley, who endowed it with property,
afterwards sold, and the produce vested in the purchase
of annuities amounting to £50. Sir Francis Bridgman,
Knt., in 1730 founded six scholarships, of the value of
£50 per annum each, in Queen's College, Oxford; two
of which are for natives of this town. The poor law
union of Calne comprises 11 parishes or places, and
contains a population of 9324. An hospital dedicated
to St. John existed here in the reign of Henry III.,
the revenue of which, at the Dissolution, was £2. 2. 8.
At the distance of three miles to the east of the town
is the figure of a horse, cut in the chalk hill, 157 feet
long.
Calow
CALOW, a township, in the parish and union of
Chesterfield, hundred of Scarsdale, N. division of
the county of Derby, 2 miles (E. by S.) from Chesterfield; containing 536 inhabitants. The township comprises 1280 acres of land: the village is pleasantly
situated on the Clown road, at its junction with the Sutton road. There are extensive collieries in the neighbourhood, and a furnace for smelting iron-ore. The
Earl Manvers occasionally holds a manor court at Billmore House.
Calstock (St. Andrew)
CALSTOCK (St. Andrew), a parish, in the union
of Liskeard, Middle division of the hundred of East,
E. division of Cornwall, 5¼ miles (E.) from Callington;
containing 2553 inhabitants. This place anciently belonged to the Coteheles, of whom the last heiress, more
than three centuries since, conveyed it by marriage to
the Edgcumbe family, whose descendant, the Earl of
Mount-Edgcumbe, is the present proprietor. In the
reign of Richard III., Sir Richard Edgcumbe, a zealous
adherent to the Earl of Richmond, erected a chapel in
the grounds of his baronial mansion of Cotehele, in commemoration of his escape from the partisans of Richard
III., by whom he had been pursued. Charles II. passed
several nights in this residence; and, in 1789, it was
visited by the Princess Royal, and the Princesses Augusta
and Elizabeth. The house is a spacious and highly interesting quadrangular structure, having on the north
side a lofty square tower, containing the state apartments, with all their ancient furniture, which has been
carefully preserved. The chapel erected by Sir Richard
Edgcumbe has been much defaced by modern alterations, and externally retains but little of its original
character.
The parish is separated from Tavistock and BeerAlston, in Devon, by the navigable river Tamar, which
forms its boundary on the east and south, and over
which are a ferry and a bridge: the scenery is diversified, and near Cotehele House is singularly beautiful.
The tide flows nearly to the centre of the parish, where
is a weir; and a very productive fishery is carried on,
of salmon and trout of excellent quality, with which
the Tamar abounds. A steamer runs three times a
week to Plymouth, distant upwards of twenty miles.
The parish comprises 6133 acres, of which 1397 are
common or waste: the surface in the hilly parts is
shelfy, and the soil light; the remainder is tolerably
good corn-land. Mines of copper and tin are in operation; and a lead-mine, the ore of which is richly intermixed with silver, has been opened: the mineral
Uranium is likewise procured, and there is a quarry of
fine granite, of which considerable quantities were used
in the erection of Waterloo Bridge. The living is a
rectory, valued in the king's books at £26. 7. 8½., and
in the patronage of the Crown, in right of the duchy of
Cornwall; net income, £510. The church is an ancient
structure, with a lofty embattled tower crowned by pinnacles; it stands upon a hill, and commands fine prospects. The parsonage-house was built in 1710, by
Launcelot Blackburn, Archbishop of York, then rector.
There are several places of worship for dissenters. On
Hengist Down are several tumuli: here was fought a
great battle between the Saxons and ancient Britons.
Calstone
CALSTONE, a tything, in the parish, union, and
hundred of Calne, Chippenham and Calne, and N. divisions of Wilts; containing 219 inhabitants.
Calstone-Wellington (St. Mary)
CALSTONE-WELLINGTON (St. Mary), a parish,
in the parliamentary borough, union, and hundred of
Calne, Chippenham and Calne, and N. divisions of
Wilts, 3 miles (S. E. by E.) from Calne; containing 31
inhabitants. It comprises 183 acres; the surface is
hilly, and the soil various, in some parts chalk, and in
others a fertile loam. The living is a discharged rectory,
valued in the king's books at £4. 13. 4.; net income,
£192; patron, the Marquess of Lansdowne. A portion of the vicarial tithes was commuted for land in
the year 1813.
Calthorpe, Leicester.—See Cathorpe.
CALTHORPE, Leicester.—See Cathorpe.
Calthorpe (St. Margaret)
CALTHORPE (St. Margaret), a parish, in the
union of Aylsham, hundred of South Erpingham, E.
division of Norfolk, 4 miles (N. by W.) from Aylsham;
containing 214 inhabitants. It comprises 1048 acres,
of which 40 are common or waste; the soil is in general
rich and loamy: a small tributary of the river Bure
forms the boundary of the greater part. The living is
a discharged vicarage, in the patronage of the Corporation of Norwich; impropriator, the Earl of Orford.
The great tithes have been commuted for £195, and the
vicarial for £138; the impropriate glebe consists of 34
acres, and the vicar's comprises 23 acres.
Calthwaite
CALTHWAITE, a township, in the parish of Hesket-in-the-Forest, union of Penrith, Leath ward,
E. division of Cumberland, 7 miles (N. N. W.) from
Penrith; containing 206 inhabitants. The river Petterill, over which a bridge of one arch was built by subscription in 1793, flows on the eastern side of the village,
and the Lancaster railway runs through the township.
Calton
CALTON, a chapelry, partly in the parish of Blore,
N. division, and partly in the parishes of Croxden,
Mayfield, and Waterfall, S. division, of the hundred
of Totmonslow, N. division of the county of Stafford,
5¾ miles (W. N. W.) from Ashbourn, on the road to
Leek; containing 244 inhabitants. It comprises about
1400 acres, of which the surface is hilly, and the soil in
general rich and productive; the substratum is limestone, which abounds with fossil shells. This is a dairyfarming country, and mostly laid out in grass-land and
sheep-walks. The river Hamps, which separates the
chapelry from Waterfall, is said to disappear at Waterhouses, and, after running underground for upwards of
five miles, again to make its appearance near Ilam. The
living is a donative, in the patronage of the Inhabitants;
net income, £86, with a parsonage-house. The chapel,
a small edifice, is dedicated to St. Mary.
Calton
CALTON, a township, in the parish of Kirkby-inMalham-Dale, union of Skipton, E. division of the
wapentake of Staincliffe and Ewcross, W. riding of
York, 7 miles (N. W.) from Skipton; containing 79
inhabitants. It comprises by computation 1730 acres,
of which the surface is varied, and chiefly in pasture.
Calton Hall, now a farmhouse, was the residence of the
Lambert family, of whom General Lambert was one of
the principal leaders of the parliamentarians in the
reign of Charles I.
Calveley
CALVELEY, a township, in the parish of Bunbury,
union of Nantwich, First division of the hundred of
Eddisbury, S. division of the county of Chester,
6 miles (N. W. by N.) from Nantwich; containing 190
inhabitants. The township lies on the road from Nantwich to Tarporley, and comprises 1416 acres, of a clayey
soil. The Chester canal and the Chester and Crewe
railway pass in the vicinity of the village; and the
railway has a station here, 8 miles distant from the great
station at Crewe. This was the birthplace and residence
of the famous Sir Hugh Calveley, whose niece in 1360
married Arthur, sixth son of Sir John Davenport, of
Merton, whose descendants have resided here up to
the present time. A school is supported by Mrs. Davenport.
Calver
CALVER, a township, in the parish and union of
Bakewell, hundred of High Peak, N. division of the
county of Derby, 1 mile (E. S. E.) from Stoney-Middleton; containing 573 inhabitants. There are extensive
lime-works; also some cotton-mills, in which from 200
to 300 persons are employed. The village is situated on
the river Derwent,
Calverhall
CALVERHALL, a chapelry, in the parish of Prees,
union of Wem, Whitchurch division of the hundred of
North Bradford, N. division of Salop; containing,
with Willaston and Millenheath, 262 inhabitants. The
living is a perpetual curacy; net income, £65; patron
and impropriator, John W. Dodd, Esq. The chapel is
dedicated to St. Bartholomew.
Calverleigh (St. Mary)
CALVERLEIGH (St. Mary), a parish, in the union
and hundred of Tiverton, Cullompton and N. divisions
of Devon, 2 miles (N. W.) from Tiverton; containing
81 inhabitants. It comprises by measurement 500
acres, about 50 of which are woodland, and the rest
arable and pasture in nearly equal portions. The living
is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £12, and in
the patronage of G. W. Owen, Esq.: the tithes have
been commuted for £85. 13., and the glebe comprises
72 acres. In the church is a curious monument to a
former proprietor named Southcot, dated 1638. There
is a Roman Catholic chapel.
Calverley (St. Wilfrid)
CALVERLEY (St. Wilfrid), a parish, in the union
of Bradford, wapentake of Morley, W. riding of
York, 5 miles (N. E.) from Bradford; containing, with
the township of Bolton and the chapelries of Idle and
Pudsey, 21,039 inhabitants, of whom 4142 are in the
township of Calverley cum Farsley. This extensive
parish, which is within the honour of Pontefract, belonged
at the time of the Conquest to the Lacys, by whom the
manor was given to Gospatrick, Earl of Northumberland, one of whose daughters and co-heiresses conveyed
it by marriage, in the reign of Stephen, to the family of
Scot, whose descendants assumed the name of Calverley.
In 1754, Sir Walter Calverley, who took the surname of
Blackett, sold it, with the whole of the estates, to the
great-uncle of Thomas Thornhill, Esq., the present lord.
The parish comprises 8644a. 3r. 14p.; the soil is fertile,
the surface is pleasingly varied, and the higher grounds
command extensive and interesting views of the country
adjacent. The village is beautifully situated, partly on
the brow of an acclivity on the south side of Airedale, and partly on the bank of the river, and near the
Leeds and Liverpool canal. The population is principally employed in the woollen-manufacture, for which
there are extensive establishments; and within the
parish are also some stone-quarries and coal-mines.
The living is a vicarage, valued in the king's books at
£9. 11.10.; net income,£150, with a good glebe-house;
patron, the Crown. The church is a venerable structure
in the later English style, with a square embattled tower
crowned by pinnacles, and contains several handsome
monuments. Other churches have been erected at
Farsley, Idle, and Pudsey; and there are some places of
worship for dissenters.
Calverton (All Saints)
CALVERTON (All Saints), a parish, in the union
of Potter's-Pury, hundred of Newport, county of
Buckingham, 1 mile (S.) from Stony-Stratford; containing 493 inhabitants. This parish once included
the western portion of Stony-Stratford, which was separated from it by act of parliament: the manor belonged
to Simon Bennet, Esq., who, during the commonwealth,
built the manor-house on the site of a more ancient
structure. The parish comprises about 2000 acres,
whereof two-thirds are arable and the rest pasture; both
the surface and the soil are considerably varied: the
river Ouse skirts it on the north. The substrata are
chiefly limestone and sandstone; the former, which
abounds with numerous fossil shells, is quarried for
burning into lime and for building purposes. The living
is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £26. 2. 11.;
net income, £346; patron, the Earl of Egmont: the
tithes were commuted for land and a money payment in
1782. The church is a neat plain edifice, erected in
1818, by Lord Arden and the Rev. George Butler, D.D.,
then rector; it has been embellished with stained glass
by the Rev. C. G. Perceval, the present incumbent, and
the interior has a neat and pleasing appearance. The
rectory-house, built by Lord Arden in 1820, occupies the
site of a small Roman camp, and numerous fragments
of Roman pottery, with arrow-heads, and a spear, have
been discovered. Six small almshouses were built in
1830. A chalybeate spring, called the Bloody Hawk,
was formerly much resorted to by persons who, on those
occasions, formed groups for dancing to the violin.
Calverton (St. Wilfrid)
CALVERTON (St. Wilfrid), a parish, in the union
of Basford, S. division of the wapentake of Thurgarton and of the county of Nottingham, 7 miles (N. N. E.)
from Nottingham; containing 1339 inhabitants. The
parish is separated from that of Oxton by a small stream
called Dover beck, which rises in the forest of Sherwood,
and runs in a south-eastern direction into the Trent;
it comprises by measurement 3300 acres, whereof twothirds are arable, and the rest pasture and woodland.
The chief manufactures are those of stockings and lace,
which afford employment to about 600 persons. The
village is of considerable extent, and situated in a
picturesque valley. The living is a discharged vicarage,
valued in the king's books at £4, and in the alternate
patronage of the Archbishop of York and the Prebendary
of Oxton in the Collegiate Church of Southwell; net
income, £127: the tithes were commuted for 203 acres of
land, under an inclosure act passed in 1779. The church,
erected in 1774, is a neat and substantial edifice with a
tower. There are places of worship for Baptists and
Wesleyans, and for a sect peculiar to the parish, founded
in the latter part of the last century, by John Roe. A
school is endowed with £6 per annum; and £40 per
annum, a house and garden, and four tons of coal, are
also allowed by the trustees of Mr. Jonathan Labray's
hospital.
Calwich
CALWICH, a township, in the parish of Ellastone,
S. division of the hundred of Totmonslow, N. division
of the county of Stafford, 3½ miles (S. W. by W.) from
Ashbourn; containing 131 inhabitants. A hermitage
was established here, which was given to the priory of
Kenilworth before the year 1148, by Nicholas de Greselei
Fitz-Nigell, and a small number of Black canons placed
therein. The house was assigned by Henry VIII. to the
monastery of Merton, in Surrey, in exchange for the
manor of East Moulsey, and as parcel of the monastery
was again granted by that monarch to John Fleetwood.
The township is on the western side of Dovedale, and
comprises 655 acres, including the hamlet of Northwood.
Calwich Abbey is the seat of the Hon. and Rev. Augustus
Duncombe, by whom it was purchased of Court Granville, Esq., in 1842. Attached to the mansion are a
beautiful lawn and pleasure-grounds, and a fine sheet of
water supplies excellent fishing. Handel, the composer,
was a frequent guest here.
Cam (St. George)
CAM (St. George), a parish, in the union of Dursley, Upper division of the hundred of Berkeley, W.
division of the county of Gloucester, 1 mile (N.) from
Dursley; containing 1851 inhabitants. This place is
distinguished as the scene of a battle fought between
the Saxons and the Danes, in the reign of Edward the
Elder. The parish takes its name from a rivulet that
divides it into Upper and Lower, and falls into the
Severn at Frampton: it comprises 2531a. 1r. 26p., of
which 2025 acres are pasture, 263 arable, and 242 common land; the soil is in general a strong clay. There
are several quarries of white and of brown freestone,
which, when kept dry, is of good quality for building;
and facility of communication is afforded by the Gloucester and Bristol railway, which crosses the lower part
of the parish. A considerable portion of the land lies
low, but the meadows afford excellent pasture, and the
district is noted for the superiority of its cheese. The
majority of the inhabitants are employed in the finer
branches of the clothing-trade, and the weavers of the
place are among the best workmen of this part of the
kingdom. The living is a vicarage, valued in the king's
books at £6. 13. 4.; net income, £150; patron and impropriator, the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. The
great tithes have been commuted for £500, and the
bishop's glebe consists of 23a. 2r. The church, which
has been improved and newly pewed at a considerable
expense, is an ancient structure in the later English
style: in the porch was a figure of the patron saint
carved in wood, which, in the reign of Edward VI.,
was taken down and removed to Colnbrook, from which
circumstance the George inn in that town received its
name. There are places of worship for Independents
and Wesleyans. In 1730, Mrs. Frances Hopton bequeathed an estate for a school, now producing nearly
£200 per annum.
Camberwell (St. Giles)
CAMBERWELL (St. Giles), a parish and union, in
the E. division of the hundred of Brixton and of the
county of Surrey, 3¼ miles (S.) from London; containing, with the hamlets of Dulwich and Peckham,
39,868 inhabitants. This place, in the Norman survey
called Cambrewell, and in other ancient records Camerwell,
appears to have been known to the Romans, whose
legions are by some antiquaries supposed to have here
forded the Thames, and to have constructed the causeway leading from the river through the marshes in this
parish, of which a considerable part, consisting of square
chalk-stones, and secured with oak piles, was discovered
fifteen feet below the surface of the ground, in digging
the bed of the Grand Surrey canal, in 1809. In Domesday book mention is made of a church; and in the
register of Bishop Edington at Winchester, a commission dated 1346, for "reconciling Camberwell
church, which had been polluted by bloodshed," is still
in existence. The village or town is pleasantly situated,
and the beauty of its environs has made it the residence
of many wealthy merchants of the metropolis: it is
paved, and lighted with gas; and the inhabitants are
amply supplied with water from springs, and from the
works of the South London Company. The ancient
part of the village contains several spacious mansions in
detached situations; the more modern is built on rising
ground to the south-east, and comprises the Grove,
and Champion, Denmark, and Herne Hills, which are
occupied by elegant villas in a pleasing style. A literary
and scientific institution was founded in 1846. There
are several coal and coke wharfs, and a limekiln on the
banks of the Surrey canal, which terminates in the
parish, through which the London and Croydon railway
also passes. By the act to "amend the representation,"
the whole parish, except Dulwich, was included within
the limits of the borough of Lambeth. The magistrates
for the district hold a meeting every alternate week.
The parish comprises 4342 acres, of which 55 are
common or waste. The living is a vicarage, valued in
the king's books at £20, and in the gift of the Rev. J.
Williams: the great tithes have been commuted for £80,
and the vicarial for £1100; the glebe comprises 21 acres,
with a good glebe-house. The church, an ancient structure in the later English style, with a low embattled
tower surmounted by an open lantern-turret rising from
the centre, was destroyed by an accidental fire on the
morning of Monday, the 8th of February, 1841, and
only the roofless walls left standing: a meeting of the
parishioners was held on the 13th for the appointment
of a committee, who, at a subsequent meeting, were empowered to raise £12,000 for the erection of a new
edifice. The new church, which is the most magnificent
ecclesiastical structure recently completed in the neighbourhood of London, is of cruciform design, with a
central tower and spire, and in the style of the latter
half of the 13th century. The mass of the walls is built
of rubble-work of Kentish ragstone, mixed with the
materials of the old church; the exterior is faced with
hammer-dressed stone from Yorkshire, with dressings of
Caen stone. The general character of the building is
bold and massive, rather than highly ornamented. The
nave is supported on each side by five arches, resting on
alternately round and octagonal pillars with carved
capitals: the pulpit and some other portions of the interior are of oak, the communion-table is of stone; there
is a fine organ, and the west window contains some
stained glass, chiefly ancient.
The district church dedicated to St. George is situated
on the bank of the Surrey canal, and is a handsome
structure in the Grecian style, erected in 1824, at an
expense of £17,000, of which £5000 was a grant from
the Commissioners for Building New Churches; it is
adapted for a congregation of 1700 persons. The living
is a perpetual curacy; net value, £500. Emmanuel district church, situated in the High-street, near the old
mansion-house, and of which the first stone was laid in
1841, was completed at an expense of £6000, of which
£2000 were contributed by the Metropolitan ChurchBuilding Society, £1000 by the Incorporated Society,
and £1900 by Sir Edward Bowyer Smith, who also
gave the site and a house for the minister, and presented the organ. It is a handsome structure of white
brick, in the Norman style, with two towers surmounted
by small spires at the east end, where is the principal
entrance; the interior is well arranged, and contains
1000 sittings, of which 500 are free. The first stone of
St. Paul's church, Herne-Hill, was laid in June, 1843.
It is a brick building faced with Sneaton stone, in the
English style, with a tower and spire 115 feet in height:
the extent of the plan is 115 feet from east to west, and
the internal length of the nave 80 feet, and its breadth,
including the aisles, 50; the windows are of stained
glass. The edifice affords accommodation to 700 persons; the cost was £4958, independently of numerous
gifts of fittings-up. The living is in the gift of the
Rev. J. G. Storie; income, £500. Two churches have
been erected at Peckham, where are also two proprietary
episcopal chapels. Camden chapel, built in 1795, and
subsequently enlarged, is a handsome edifice of brick,
with a campanile turret; it was under proprietary management previously to November, 1844, when it was
consecrated. Besides these, is a chapel dedicated to
St. Matthew, on Denmark Hill, and which, though
locally in this parish, is dependent on that of Lambeth.
There are places of worship for Baptists, Independents,
and Wesleyans.
The free grammar school, originally intended for 12
boys, was founded in 1618, by the Rev. Edward Wilson,
vicar of the parish, who built the premises, and gave
seven acres of land for its endowment, which are let on
lease for £60 per annum, paid to the master, who has
also a house rent-free, and the privilege of taking boarders. The school is under the management of governors,
who are a body corporate, and have a common seal.
The Camberwell collegiate school, founded in 1834, is a
proprietary establishment, on the principles of King's
College, London, and under the patronage of the Bishop
of Winchester; the buildings, to which are attached two
acres of garden and play ground, are situated in the
Grove, and are in the collegiate style, with a cloister in
the centre of the front, forming the principal entrance.
On the south of the village is Ladland's Hill, on which
are the remains of a Roman camp, defended on the
south side by a double intrenchment; and in a field in
the neighbourhood, called Well Hill, three large wells,
36 feet in circumference, and lined with cement, have
been discovered, from which the place probably derived
its name. A head of Janus, 18 inches high, was found
about a century since, at a place designated St. Thomas'
Watering, where pilgrims used to stop on their way to
Becket's shrine; and near it is a hill, called Oak-ofHonour Hill, from an oak under which Queen Elizabeth
is said to have dined. Dr. Lettsom, an eminent physician, lived for many years in a beautiful cottage in the
Grove, where he had an extensive library and philosophical apparatus. The uncle of George Barnwell, the
hero of Lillo's tragedy, resided in an ancient house of
which there are still some vestiges remaining.
Camblesforth
CAMBLESFORTH, a township, in the parish of
Drax, union of Selby, Lower division of the wapentake of Barkstone-Ash, W. riding of York, 2¾ miles
(N.) from Snaith; containing 321 inhabitants. There
is a charity school, with an endowment of £6 per annum; likewise almshouses for six people, endowed with
£100 per annum. The poor children also participate in
the advantages of the grammar school at Drax.
Cambo
CAMBO, a township, in the parish of Hartburn,
union of Morpeth, N. E. division of Tindale ward,
S. division of Northumberland, 11½ miles (W.) from
Morpeth; containing 99 inhabitants. The township
comprises 630 acres, of which the greater part is rich
pasture-land. The village is on the road from Hexham
to Alnwick: there is a small subscription library. The
tithes have been commuted for £17. 10. payable to the
impropriator, and £19 to the vicar of Hartburn. A district chapel has been built, the living of which is in the
gift of the Vicar. Launcelot Brown, the landscape
gardener, received his early education here. In the
village are the ruins of a peel-house, or fortalice.
Cambois
CAMBOIS, a township, in the parish and division of
Bedlington, union of Morpeth, N. division of Northumberland, 7½ miles (E. by S.) from Morpeth; containing 109 inhabitants. The lands extend along the
sea-shore, between the rivers Blyth and Wansbeck; and
the village is situated among rich pastures on a dry
green knoll, formed by the banks of the sea and the
Wansbeck, which has here a ferry over it. There is a
small harbour, where corn, timber, and grindstones are
shipped. Some spacious granaries were built during the
war with France, at which period a great quantity of
grain was exported. About half a mile south-east of
the Wansbeck is a cluster of rocks, named Cambois
ridge, the tops of which are dry at low water; but as
this part of the coast is little frequented, except by small
vessels, accidents seldom occur.
Camborne (St. Martin)
CAMBORNE (St. Martin), a market-town and
parish, in the union of Redruth, E. division of the
hundred of Penwith, W. division of Cornwall, 4 miles
(W. S. W.) from Redruth, and 267 (S. W.) from London,
on the road from Truro to Penzance; containing 10,061
inhabitants. This town, which is situated in the centre
of an extensive district abounding with copper, tin, and
lead mines, consists of several streets, uniformly built,
but indifferently supplied with water: two book-clubs
have been established. The Dolcoath copper-mine has
been sunk to the depth of 1000 feet, and extends laterally for more than a mile, in a direction from east to
west; the number of persons employed exceeds 1500,
and the annual expenditure of the proprietors is more
than £50,000. There are several other mines, on a
smaller scale: the neighbourhood abounds with granite;
and an iron-foundry, and a manufactory for safety-fuzes
used by miners in blasting, together employ about sixty
persons. Here is a station on the Hayle and Redruth
railway. The market is on Saturday: the markethouse, a shed supported on pillars of granite, was erected
at the expense of Lord de Dunstanville. The fairs are
on March 7th, June 5th and 29th, and November 12th,
and are principally for cattle. The county magistrates
hold a petty-session for the district every alternate
Tuesday; and a court leet is held in November, at
which constables are appointed.
The parish comprises by computation 6000 acres, of
which 1120 are common or waste. The living is a
rectory, valued in the king's books at £39. 16. 10½.,
and in the patronage of Lady Bassett: the tithes have
been commuted for £900, and the glebe comprises 40
acres. The church is an ancient structure, principally
in the later English style, and contains several monuments to the family of Pendarves; the altar-piece is of
marble handsomely sculptured, and the pulpit of oak
curiously carved. A church district, called All Saints,
Tuckingmill, and including part of the parish of Illogan,
was formed in 1844, and endowed by the Ecclesiastical
Commissioners: another district, named Penponds, was
formed in 1846. At Treslothan is a district church
dedicated to St. John, the living of which is in the gift
of E. W. Pendarves, Esq. There are places of worship
for the Society of Friends, Wesleyans, and Bryanites.
Mr. Arthur Woolf, an eminent civil engineer, who died
in 1837, was born here about the year 1765; he made
considerable improvements in the construction of steamengines, and took out a patent for the application of
two cylinders. Mr. Richard Trevithic, who was born
at Camborne in 1775, and died in 1835, in conjunction
with Captain Andrew Vivian, now residing here, constructed the first locomotive engine, for which they took
out a patent, in 1802; they also constructed a highpressure steam-engine, and invented the cylindrical
boiler with a single tube, which is very economical in
the use of fuel. Mr. Bickford, resident here, invented,
with Mr. Thomas D'Arcy, the patent safety-fuze used
by miners for blasting. John Stackhouse, Esq., of
Pendarves, who was born in the parish in 1748, and
died in 1819, was author of the Nereis Britannica, and
editor of the Theophrasti Plantarum Historia.