Cecil Papers: March 1603 | British History Online

Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House: Volume 15, 1603. Originally published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1930.

Citation:

'Cecil Papers: March 1603', in Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House: Volume 15, 1603, ed. M S Giuseppi( London, 1930), British History Online https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-cecil-papers/vol15/pp1-24 [accessed 12 December 2024].

March 1603



	Proclamation on the Accession of King James.
1602–3, March 24.	Draft of the Proclamation "declaring the undoubted right of our Sovereign Lord King James to the Crown of the realms of England, France and Ireland." It does not differ in essentials from the printed copies. In the handwriting of Sir Robert Cecil.
	Endorsed: "24 March, 1602. The Proclamation for his Ma^ty to this Crown. Penned and read publicly by Mr. Secretary Cecil." 4 pp. (99. 43.)
	Sir Robert Cecil and Others of the Council to Sir John Peyton, Lieutenant of the Tower.
1602–3, March 24.	Send a copy of the proclamation published this day with general acclamation, both before the Palace of Whitehall and in Cheapside, for the acknowledgment of their loyalty and dutiful subjection to King James: and require him to publish the proclamation forthwith at the Tower Hill. From the Sheriffs' house in Milk Street, 24 March, 1602. Signed by Cecil and 30 others. 1 p. (99. 45.)
	Expenses of the Tyrone Rebellion.
1602–3, March 24.	In summer 1593 the rebellion began in Ireland, but Teirone did not declare himself openly till summer 1594. From summer 1594 to 24 March 1602, the rebellion only cost beside the charge of the country in the levy and furnishing of men 1,924,000l. The Low Countries likewise cost 534,470l. Total 2,458,470l. There was given her late Majesty by several Acts of Parliament these subsidies and fifteenths:— 1593: 486,090l. 1597: 473,852l. 1601: 602,282l. Total, 1,562,224l. Which came short of the expense by 896,246l.
	Now if all that was given in subsidies for all occasions came short of the expense of Ireland and the Low Countries only, let it be considered what the expense was in France, Normandy and Picardy, by which it will appear what case the Crown had been in if there had been no treasure in deposit from the former subsidies given in time of peace, and whether subsidies are fit to be demanded unless the wars be on foot. Endorsed in different hands:—"24 March, 1602." "Teirone's rebellion." "Expences to England." "Queen dyd." Unsigned. 1 p. (92. 68.)
	The Cost of Queen Elizabeth's Wars.
1602–3, [after March 24.]	What the wars cost her late Majesty and what subsidies were given and lands sold:—
	1559: Leith in Scotland, 178,421l.
	1562: Newhaven, 245,380l.
	1569: Rebellion in the North, 92,932l.
	1573: O'Neale's Rebellion, 230,440l.
	1579: Desmond's Rebellion, 254,960l.
	1593: Teirone's Rebellion, 1,924,000l.
	1585: Low Countries, 1,419,596l.
	1591: Aid to the French King, 297,480l.
	1588: Spanish Armada, 161,185l.
	1590–7: Voyages by adventurers, 172,259l.
	Total, 49,478,054l.
	Towards which there was given in subsidies and raised by the sale of lands, viz.:— Subsidies: Clergy, 440,000l. Laity, 3,069,464l. Lands sold, 817,359l. Total, 4,326,923l. And yet there was not so much raised by 651,131l, as equalled the charge of the wars aforesaid. [Cp. the similar estimate in Cal. S.P. Dom., 1601–1603, p. 304.]
	Endorsed: "The charge of wars in Queen Elizabeth's time and what was given her in subsidies, and what lands she sold." In another hand:—"Ending 1602." Unsigned:—3 pp. (92. 69, 70.)
	8 [Edward Bruce] to 3 [Lord Henry Howard.]
	1603, March 25. Printed in extenso: Camden Soc. Publications LXXVIII. O.S. pp. 45–51. (135. 88, 89.)
	Sir William Bowes.
	1. Letter to the Privy Council.
1603, March 25.	Upon my petition complaining of the injurious arrest laid upon me by Mr. Barrett, you directed letters to the Sheriff of London to suffer no execution to be laid upon me. Mr. Sheriff Swinerton affirms that I am already under execution. I was arrested upon an action of trespass, and being brought to the sergeant's house, where I now remain, I desired to see the writ of execution, but was refused. It was shown however to Mr. Hardy, a barrister of Grays Inn. I ask that the sheriff may be commanded to deliver me from his arrest. 25 March, 1603. Copy. 1¼ pp. (85. 110.)
	2. Sir William Bowes in arrest.
	Richard Barret, of the City of London, grocer, having received the sum of 600l. from Sir William Bowes, still detained the bonds given by Sir William, though he had received his full due; and presently began an action against Sir William at Common Law. This Sir William stopped by a complaint in Chancery. Nevertheless during Sir William's absence on his embassy to Scotland, Barrett proceeded with his action to outlawry after judgment; and then arrests Sir William in London. Sir William Bowes protested that he had in hand his great account to the Queen, and porting of the treasure, very important services; but the sergeants took him first to a tavern and then to one of their houses, where he now is. He has used all possible means to satisfy Barrett, but not being able to effect this Sir William commends himself for relief to the Lord Keeper, the Lord Treasurer, Mr. Secretary, Mr. ViceChamberlain, and the Lord Chief Justice. Undated. Unsigned. In bad condition. 1½ pp. (58. 9.)
	3. Sir William Bowes to Sir Robert Cecil.
	Thanks him for his furtherance of letters from the Lords to the sheriffs, for his deliverance. Because it has been disappointed by Mr. Sheriff Swinerton's slight answer, conceiving that his man's default might touch him, as it does, and gives the writer advantage of a false imprisonment against him, for his sergeant's arresting him on a feigned action, Swinerton had "pressed this evasion," as will appear in the letters to the Lords enclosed. Finds Mr. Barrett weighs his commitment by the Lord Mayor very lightly, judging that small suit made to his L. may remit him, and therefore he stands still upon his extremities unto such as have since dealt with him on Bowes's behalf. March 25, 1603. Signed. 1 p. (99. 48.)
	Sir Henry Brouncker to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 25.	Your advice is good and I thank you for if, but I can only be satisfied with the comfort of your presence and the assurance of your safety. Howbeit if I must here attend the heavy event of future evils, God's will be done. I am resolved in life and death to love you, and will pray that God will reward your well deserving of your friends and country with unexpected happiness. I know not how to direct my course unless you advertise me whether anything be resolved concerning a successor, that so I may show my faithfulness to the State. I desire to be resolved whether (after her Majesty's decease) I may detain the Lady Arbella without a warrant under the Great Seal. I send this bearer of purpose without troubling your Honour with anything here.—Hardwicke, 25 March, 1602 (sic.)
	PS.—I found neither shot, pikes nor anything else here and the country slow enough and unready. I have provided as much as I trust will serve my purpose. Endorsed:—1603. [Partly printed in Edwards, Life of Raleigh, II. 435]. Holograph. 3 Seals. 1p. (92. 73.)
	Sir John Elphinston to Sir Robert Cecil.
1602–3, March 25.	The King has directed this bearer Roger Aston, well known to you, for dispatch of some small affairs in London. In consideration of her Majesty's dispatch in the last payment of the annuity, he requests that you will procure that, for his necessary affairs, the midsummer term's payment may be advanced to the bearer at this time. His Majesty will esteem this a special favour to himself.—Edg. 25 March, 1603. Holograph. ½ p. (85. 109.)
	William Bowll to the Council.
1603, March 26.	According to their commission has received from Framyngham Castle 24 banished prisoners, and has embarked them at Harwich, whence they have put forth on their voyage and been driven back again. On his return, hears a muttering of very heavy and grievous tidings, which he hopes may be untrue. Being still weather-bound, and unable to execute his commission, thought it his duty to report his proceedings. Asks directions. Will proceed with the commission as speedily as wind and weather will permit him unless otherwise directed.—Harwich, 26 March, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 49.)
	The Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 26.	Notwithstanding that according to that dutiful readiness, which we found in divers the Knights and Justices of the County, and heard of in others, the Governors of the like places, we did yesterday, all of us that are of the University, join with the Mayor of this town of Cambridge, in the performance of that duty, which we do owe unto His most royal Majesty as touching the publishing of His Highness's most true and lawful title to the Crown and dignity of this Kingdom. Yet have we, all of us of the University, this day published the same again, according to your direction in the open market place of the foresaid town, with as much solemnity as we were able to give unto that action, by the personal presence of every of the Heads of Colleges, and others of the best sort of His Majesty's subjects here within this body. Upon the doing whereof, the applause of all sorts was so general as we do verily think there hath not been anywhere within this land a more express signification of duty, love and loyalty. And so resting to be by you directed in other duty further to be performed by us, in his royal passage by this place, the ordinary passage lying somewhat within the limits of that privilege heretofore bestowed upon the University, I take my leave. Cambridge 26 March, 1603. Signed: William Smythe, Vican: 1 p. (136. 111.)
	Instructions to Sir James Lindsay.
1603, March 26.	Instructions to my trusty serviteure Sir James Lindsay for answer to the letter and commission brought by him from the Pope.
	First, ye shall excuse my not writing an answer to the Pope directly in an letter for fit important reasons as by tongue I have — unto you to be imparted unto him.
	Next, ye shall make my just excuse why I cannot satisfy his desire in that particular point contained in his letter for such weighty reasons as by tongue I have informed you to deliver unto him.
	Thirdly ye shall assure him that I shall never be forgetful of the continual proof I have had of his courteous and loving inclination towards me and especially by this his so courteous and unexpected message, which I shall be ever careful to requite thankfully by all civil courtesies that shall be in my power the particulars whereof I commit likewise to your declaration.
	And lastly, ye shall inform him of my honest intention in all things as ye have many times heard it out of my own mouth, and how I shall ever with God's grace keep inviolable two points, the first, never to dissemble what I think especially in matters of conscience, and the other, never to reject reason when I hear it, but without any preoccupied self opinion of my own to refuse nothing that can be proven lawful reasonable and without corruption. Endorsed: The copy of instructions given to Sir James Lindsay for the pope, 26th of March, 1603. 1 p. (134. 27.)
	Sir George Carewe to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 26.	From Beaumaris I wrote to you by Captain Gawen Harvye, who had that packet, and upon Tuesday night I purpose to be in London. I would gladly know where I should repair to you, for my desires languish until I see you. I beseech you send me your pleasure by the running post. This letter enclosed I pray you send to Captain Gawen Harvye, who is with his father.—Nantwich, 26 March, 1603. Holograph.
	Postal Endorsement: "For her Maties especiall affayres. Nantwiche att two of the clocke afternoone uppon the 26 of Marche 1603. Stone past 6 at night. At Lichfelde at 11 at night. Coleshull past 3 in the morning. At Coventre past 6 in the morning. Dantrie (Daventry) paste 1 the same day. Tocester at 2 the same day. Brockhill (?Bradwell, Bucks) paste 5 in the afternone. Saint Albons at 9." ½ p. (187. 10.)
	Sir Robert Mansell to Sir Robert Cecil.
[1603], March 27.	Notwithstanding I was, by my own choice, with the ships under my charge, limited to these parts where the attempts of Flanders were of greatest and most likely danger, yet being desirous to understand how matters stood in France, I sent to Calais one of my ships, with commandment to the captain to go ashore and to learn what news he could, but to tell none. He was no sooner ashore but the Sergeant Major of the town seized him and his boat's company, and in fair manner stayed them for the Governor's coming, who questioned the captain touching our late Queen's health, whereto answer was made that he knew no other but that she was upon recovery. The Governor said with a sigh he wished it were so, but he knew she was dead 10 days before, and immediately enquired where Sir Walter Ralegh was, or whether he was gone to his Government, with other questions of less moment, which was all the news he brought me.
	I understand also that there is one new galley manned at Dunkirk, and ready to join with those of Sluce. I will keep mine eyes awake upon the places allotted to my care, from whence though I have little hope by advertising any worthy occurrents to express the duty I shall ever owe unto you, yet my humble desire is that when I am most silent you will please to attribute it to want of subject.—Harwich, March 27. Holograph. Endorsed: "1602." 1 p. (93. 82.)
	Mr. Secretary Herbert to Mr. Secretary Cecil.
1603, March 27.	This packet being closed up, I received yours of the 9th of this present, and immediately imparted the same to the L. Eure. As the contents of the same gave us a full testimony of the honourable care you have of us both, so did the same give us a mighty apprehension according to the usual weakness of men to fear that we least desire. God, of his mercy, prevent our fears and answer our desires therein! Touching our manner of proceedings with the Emperor's Commissioners, you shall understand the same by our joint letter. Some alterations there have happened between us touching the sub-delegation made by the Count of Shumbergh: our protestations thereupon: and the continuance of the recess for a competent time, if our colloquy took not due effect. At length we did agree of a proceeding, and for the better furtherance thereof we have sent to have a resolution from you and the Lords: touching the allowance of the substitution: the speedy dispatch whereof, for that the same may much avail our proceedings, I have thought good in particular to recommend to yourself.
	Though it be six weeks since my Lord and we dispatched Couvert into Denmark, yet we have received no news from him. The cause of his long delay I impute to the King's being at Nilos, upon the borders of Norway, Denmark and Sweden. As soon as he shall return I will send him over with such resolution as he shall receive from the King: whose fury of youth is reported to carry him against the sense of reason, or of any temperate government. 27 March, 1603. Contemporary copy. Countersigned: "Exp. Th. Smith." 1 p. (99. 51.)
	Lord Eure, Sir John Herbert, Daniel Dun, and Stephen Lesieur to the Council.
1603, March 27.	They were advertised by the Baron of Minckwitz that the Emperor had appointed the Count of Shaunburg and him as Commissioners, and had commanded them to repair to Bremen by Feb. 24 to begin the colloquy. Of this they gave the Council notice on Feb. 16. The Baron did not arrive before the 6th of March, being impeded at the Emperor's Court by the action of some of the Hanses, as he (the Baron) supposes: and other causes. He appointed the meeting to begin on the 11th of March, in the public house of this town. Details of the proceedings. Dr. Weihe, as one of the subdelegates of the Count of Shaunburg, explained Shaunburg's absence, who had appointed three chief councillors as a subdelegation, according to the custom of the Empire. They [the writers] took time to consider the Emperor's commission and the Count's sub-delegation, which seemed to be in a case of this quality unusual. Defence made by the sub-delegate, who delivered a proxy offered up to the Emperor's commissioner by such of the Hanses as were present, whereupon the session broke off. At the next meeting they expressed themselves satisfied with the Emperor's commission, but could in no wise admit Shaunburg's delegation, against which they put in a protestation. The next morning the protestation was allowed, and a reprotestation offered: of which, and of the Emperor's commission and the sub-delegation, they send copies herewith. The writers insisted that their merchants might be restored to their trade and commerce, and that the execution of the mandate might be suspended during the time of the colloquy, and for some further time, in case the colloquy took no effect and at the next meeting they urged the same suspension by writing. Details of the arguments raised on both sides; the writers insisting that the mandate and the execution thereof remained still in force: and the others that the "recess" made by the Baron at Staden was still in force. The Baron, for their better contentment, commanded the recess should be registered among their mutual acts, as his exposition of the mandate and the execution thereof, in these terms: "Quod suspensio executionis Mandati duret durante Colloquio, et etiam ultra donec aliter de Resolutione Caesaris appareat." Not being able to obtain declaration of a further suspension, the writers have determined to answer the others' writing: thereby to procure a further security to their merchants, not only by a suspension, but by an utter abolition of the mandate. They request the Council to advertise them of the Queen's pleasure and their judgment, as well touching the suspension of the execution of the mandate, as also the accepting of the subdelegation.—Bremen, 27 March 1603. 4 pp. Contemporary copy, countersigned: "Exp. Th. Smith." (99. 52-3.)
	Sir George Carew to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 27.	When I wrote unto your Honour by the running post from Nantwich I heard the uncomfortable news of her Majesty's decease, which did infinitely amaze me. Since that time I met with Sir Henry Davers, by whom I first understood that King James (now our sovereign) was proclaimed, which hath much eased my heart that was before in anxiety, fearing many distempers in the State, whereof, as far as I can judge, there is now no appearance, but all men are exceedingly satisfied and praise God who of His goodness hath so miraculously provided for us, contrary to the opinions of the wisest, who for many years past trembled to think of her Majesty's decease, as if instantly upon it the kingdom would have been torn in sunder. God be thanked for His blessings, and give unto this King no less honour and happiness than any of his predecessors that hath ruled over us! This great action, and the carriage of it, is wonderfully admired by all men, and the deep and grave judgment of you that are councillors doth evidently appear in it, and you in your particular have a large portion of honour for it, having been a principal actor in the same. In my last from Nantwich I sent you word that I would be with your Honour upon Tuesday, but now seeing the world is in a sweeter temper than I did then dream of, I will take somewhat the less journeys, and do not purpose to kiss hands until Wednesday, upon which day I will not fail to attend you where you shall please to direct me. This letter enclosed I did by this bearer receive from Mr. Treasurer of Ireland, who is an honest man unto you, and loves you with great affection, or else I must acknowledge myself to be an idiot, for I do much believe in his protestations and in other particulars which I have observed in him. This bearer Rowland brings unto you all the examinations concerning Sir John Brockett, and because this letter enclosed concerns him, I do transmit it unto you. Captain Hayes is in my company. I would not let him ride in post, which he would have done, wherefore if he be in fault I am to be blamed for it, but I think no error is committed, although his haste be no greater. Coventry, this 27 of March, 1603. Signed. 2 pp. (99. 54.)
	Sir Edward Seymour to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 27.	Since it pleased Almighty God to call my Lord your father, I have ever devoted with a true and honest heart the best of my services to your honour. If you shall please to rank me with your well-willers, there shall not any outcome me in any faithful readiness.—Bery Castle, March 27, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 55.)
	Sir Henry Lee to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 27.	Since the calling from us of our most dread and gracious sovereign, I have at the last called back my grieved and wandering spirits, and have sent this messenger to you to acknowledge how much I have been ever beholden to you. I will never forget, nor you I hope, that I am your faithful and assured friend, and now more ready to show my love and service than ever. If it will please you (lame as I am) to send me your advice or direction, I will frame myself to it as I am able. Woodstock Lodge, 27 March. Holograph. Endorsed: "1603." 1 p. (99. 56.)
	King James to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 27.	Most worthy and most trusty councillor, we greet you heartily well, we received yours last written with your own hand of the 22 of this instant a very short space after the coming of Sir Robert Carie who did first acquaint us with the Queen's death and that God had called her to his mercy as also that the whole state by the good advice and grave judgment of those that have voice in council had uniformly consented to proclaim us her lawful successor and to be their King for the which we offer first our most hearty thanks to God, craving that of His free grace and favour He would vouchsafe us two things, the first that it may please His divine Majesty to make us equal and answerable to that high place your state hath called us unto, the second that we never suffer so inestimable benefits as hath been wrought unto us by the wisdom, providence and policy of our dearest friends to slide out of our memories without condign remuneration, and as no age hath yielded any example of such industry, care and devotion of councillors in the translation of a monarchy so shall you see us strain the uttermost of our wits and endeavours to make you know that no prince on earth shall go before us in justice, piety, policy and all other parts which you expect of us. And for the first "arres" of our affection we send to you in haste by our servant Mr. Foulis, whom you will trust, a ratification and approbation of your places in council with all your states, honours, offices and dignities in the same quality and condition you did possess them heretofore, if so it shall seem expedient to yourselves wherein we give you and to your associates power to use your own discretion and judgment which shall be every way most agreeable unto us. We are to second Mr. Foulis by our trusty councillor my Lord Kinloss by whom you shall understand more amply of our mind and intention in all we have. Thus wishing you to persist in that honourable regard and worthy care you have begun and half accomplished of our good fortune and prosperity till we see you which we greatly long for, we bid you in our most hearty manner fare well and wish you all happiness in our Palace of Halirudhus the 27 March 1603. Signed.
	PS.—In James's own hand. "How happy I think myself by the conquest of so faithful and so wise a counsellor I reserve it to be expressed out of my own mouth unto you." Endorsed by Cecil: "27 January [sic] 1603. The K's Majesty to me." 1 p. (134. 28.)
	The Same to the Same.
1603, March 27.	Warrant to Sir Robert Cecil to make a cachet to close any letters sent in the King's name, the cachet to contain the King's arms joint with the arms of England.— Holyrood House, 27 March, 1603. (134. 30.)
	Thomas, Lord Burghley, to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 27.	I received your letters with the packet that came from the Lords, and as you may perceive by my letters in answer to their Lordships, that all is performed here to express the fulness of the joy that these parts receive of the expectation of a happy and quiet government, the praise whereof is not least attributed to your wise and dutiful proceeding therein; and as I heard that a Scottish woman should say in the hearing of another, that when this should happen nothing did discontent them more than that their King should be received peaceably: for I think it imagined, in opposition some men might perhaps have gotten some attainted land. But I dare assure you the contentment of the people is unspeakable, seeing all things proceed so quietly, whereas they expected in the interim their houses should have been spoiled and sacked. This day I sent my son Edward with the offer of my service to his Majesty, desiring his present directions to this place, which remained now as a man senseless and without authority. I thought I could do no less, considering the place I hold, but advertise him of the state of this country. When I receive answer from his Majesty you shall hear from me again. I remain the same brother in love towards you that I always professed, for I never loved you for your fortune, but for your good parts, and your honourable respect towards me. Command me what you will have me do for you, if my meeting with the King shall be upon occasion before yours. I know you are wise, and can use many opportunities to discover your true honourable affection to his Majesty, equal with the best. Let me hear from you of the daily proceedings from thence, and look what intelligence or direction my son brings with him I will make you privy by letters.—York, 27 March, 1603. PS.—I pray you send me down by your next letters one or two of the proclamation. Holograph. 1 p. (187. 11.)
	Sir John Popham to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 27.	Even now I have a letter from my son, who is at my house in the westmost part of Somerset, whom I advertised of the union between the Lords of her Majesty's Council and the other noble personages then about this city, which was upon Sunday last was sennight, to the end no distraction might be in these parts upon any rumours, but that himself and such others as were of quality might suppress anything that might tend there to the disturbance of her Majesty's peace: which gave exceeding great contentment to all those parts that heard of this former union, determining to maintain to their power the quiet of those parts; and in these terms it stood in all that part of Somerset on Thursday last at noon, and yesterday in the morning. The party that came now to me was at Sarum, where he heard of the proclamation of the King, which was very well liked of. He says that so it was also yesterday at noon at Andover, and no speech by all the way of any unquietness, but all things stood in very great quiet. But he tells me sundry horses are sent up out of the west parts, some to Sir Walter Ralegh, some to young Sir William Courteny, and some to others; and what some foolish people might descant upon this, or such like, I cannot tell, but I assure myself the former bruit delivered is but a vain bruit. Besides my own son, I have four sons-in-law in Somerset, and many other gentlemen of the best quality in those parts my very near kinsmen, and I should marvel if any such matter had been in those parts, and that they should give neither the State here, nor to me, any knowledge of it: and I assure you I know it that that house is not very acceptable unto those parts at this present, You must pardon me to deal plainly with you. All which assured me all was but a fable for the "sher" [shire]. I could not stay my pen until I had advertised you hereof.—27 March, 1603. Holograph. Endorsed: "Lord Chief Justice." 2 pp. (187. 12.)
	Steph. Lesieur to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 27.	Out of her Majesty's Commissioners' letters you shall best understand our proceedings in the colloquy with the Emperor's Commissioners and Subdelegates. The Baron of Munckwitz remains constant in his profession to yield his best endeavours for all indifferency in the cause now in hand. Ths subdelegates seem to [be] so disposed. One of them, Dr. Weihe, told me in private that Landgrave Mauritz had written to his brother-in-law the Count of Shoumburg, taking notice that he is appointed by the Emperor a Commissioner in this cause, therefore admonishes him of indifferency therein, manifesting also the respect he bears to her Majesty, and wishes him to do the like. To this effect the Count has very lately written to these his subdelegates, who are grave and discreet men, and seem not to be ill affected to her Majesty. Of Dr. Weihe I have heretofore had good experience, besides that in a book by him published (though not in his right name) he has at large described the arrogance of the Hanse, who begin to repent that they have appealed to the Emperor for protection and defence of their cause.
	The Imperial Diet is begun. Few Princes are at it in person, the Archduke Mathias excepted, who represents the Emperor. The proposition is made, and consists in demanding aid of 16,000 foot and 5,000 horse every year for 5 years, to be employed continually against the Turk and the Tartar, who do great spoils and hurt in Hungary, Transilvania and Stiria. Nevertheless the Archduke Ferdinand desires not to persecute the Protestants his subjects, who find more favour of the Turk than him there.
	The troubles about Strasburg continue, to the prejudice of the House of Brandenburg. The Princes Protestant are cold therein.
	The Duke of Bouillon has lately visited the Countess of Nassaw and Zanaw, and is returned to Heydelberg still in expectation of the French King's letters, who not long since was at Metz. His being there with 4,000 horse and foot, and most of his nobility, gives occasion of sundry constructions at the Emperor's court and at the Imperial Diet, some imagining he has a secret intelligence with certain Princes of the Empire, and by their means to attain to be King of Romauns.—Bremen, 27 March, 1603. Holograph. 2 pp. (187. 13.)
	Lord Eure, Sir John Herbert, Dr. Daniell Dun, Stephen Lesieure and Sir Th. Smith, to the Council.
1603, March 27.	We were advertised from the Baron of Minckwitz, by letters written at Prague, that the Emperor had appointed the Comte of Shaunburg and the said Baron as his deputies and Commissioners, for the dispatch of the causes we have here in charge; and had commanded the said Commissioners to repair hither to Bremen by the 24th of February there to begin the colloquy, whereof we gave you notice by our last letters of Feb. 16.
	The Baron arrived not here before the 6th of March, by reason of impediments given him at the Emperor's Court, by the practices of some of the Hanses, as he supposes, and through the unseasonableness of the year, and the hard and perilous passages to this town. As soon as he came, he appointed our meeting to begin the 11th of March, in the public house of this town: where Dr. Weighe, unexpected at our hands, as one of the subdelegates from the Count of Shaunburgh, began a speech, and so prevented us, who had otherwise determined to have begun it ourselves. The content was that the Emperor, considering the great consequence of this action, had committed that whole charge thereof to his Lord and Master, jointly with the Baron of Minckwitz: but such were the urgent occasions that he could not be present, much to his grief, who was desirous to satisfy the Emperor's command, and gratify her Majesty; and therefore had appointed three of his chief Councillors to supply his absence. He delivered the Emperor's commission and his Lord's subdelegation, and requested we would do the like. We showed our commission also, and took time to consider the Emperor's and the subdelegation, especially, for that the latter seemed to us in a cause of this quality unusual. The subdelegate replied there was nothing therein contrary to the custom of the Empire, and requested us to respect the honour of his Lord, for the like scruple had not been moved at any colloquy within the Empire, as was manifest in the action between the Dane and Sweden, the Pole and the Duke of Brunswick, and in the great treaty at Collen. To the end we might proceed with the greater celerity, he delivered us a proxy offered up to the Emperor's commissioners by such of the Hanses as were here present, and appeared in the name of the rest. Thereupon the session brake off.
	At our next meeting we first began, and declared we remained satisfied with the Emperor's commission; but in respect that the clauses therein contained, as well that the Emperor would grant a more ample commission if need were, as also for that the while it was permitted to the Commissioners named therein to proceed universim et separatim, upon which consideration we were willing to proceed, with the Baron being present: but could not admit the Count of Shaunburgh's subdelegation, unless we might be permitted to put in a protestation. This was at large debated, and at length agreed that we should send a protestation to consider of. The next morning they allowed it, and offered us a reprotestation: of both which, and the commission and subdelegation, we send you copies herewith. We, in the end of that session, earnestly insisted that our merchants might be restored to their trade, and for avoiding inconvenience, that the execution of the mandate might be suspended during the colloquy, and for further convenient time, if the colloquy took none effect. They replied we had no cause of mistrust, for the recess made by the Baron at Staden was still in force, and before they would give us any further contentment there must be consideration had of the manner of proceeding.
	At our next meeting, for better securing our merchants, we propounded the suspension of the mandate by writing. They refused resolutely direct answer, affirming that clause of suspension to touch the substance of the whole cause. To prevent our urging thereof, they offered us a writing, drawn, as they affirmed, out of the instruction of the Emperor, and requested us to answer thereto, for that it was more fitting the Emperor's propositions should be first accepted and answered. Nevertheless we insisted on the suspension, and declared that the mandate and the execution thereof both remained still in force. They answered that the recess was still in force, and delivered a copy thereof, and that we had no cause to mistrust the Emperor's honourable dealing therein. That day we consumed in arguing the words of the recess, and could obtain no further answer touching the suspension.
	At our next meeting we declared the dangers our merchants were like to incur, if not secured by a prefixed time of the suspension, if this colloquy took no effect; and insisted with as much vehemency as we might conveniently for the obtaining thereof. They imputed to us too much curiosity and diffidence of the since[rity] hereof, which they hoped should be such as would be to the great con[tent] of her Majesty and subjects. And the Baron for our better con[tent], as he was the author of the recess, so commanded it should be registered amongst our mutual acts as his exposition of the man[date] and the execution thereof in these terms: "Quod suspensio executionis Man[dati] duret durante Colloquio, et etiam ultra donec aliter de resolutione Caesaris appareat." So we, not able to obtain any further declaration of a further suspension, have determined to answer their writing, and so to enter into the bowel of this action, thereby to procure a further security to our merchants, not only by a suspension, but as the Emperor's commissioner put us in hope, by the utter abolition of the mandate. For the better effecting hereof we request you to advertise us her Majesty's pleasure and your judgment, as well touching the suspension, as for the accepting of the subdelegation of the Count of Shaunburgh, whereupon they insist very earnestly.—Bremen, 27 March, 1603. Contemporary copy. Endorsed: "Copy of the letter from the Commissioners at Bremen." Damaged. 3 pp. (187. 14–15.)
	Robert Lane to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 28.	It hath pleased God to afflict by taking from us our most gracious sovereign, but with the other hand to save us again through your Honour's immediate publishing of our true and undoubted lawful king. I have more than 14 days been so visited with sickness as I have not been able to repair to my charge at Sowthseecastle. This bearer will receive any directions that you may be pleased to give.—Knaptofte, 28 March, 1603. Signed. Seal. ½ p. (92. 83.)
	Sir Edward Hoby to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 28.	My thoughts do ever accompany my affection, and long after the well doing of my best friends. Therefore I humbly beseech you that this bearer my servant may but behold your eyes, to bring me a true report of your health. I would be most glad to understand wherein, to the venturing of my life, I could be available unto you.—His Majesty's Castle of Quinborowe, 28 March 1603. Holograph. ¼ p. (99. 57.)
	Henry, Lord Cobham, to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 28.	I pray you what I may know, that you will acquaint me with it, for I confess my desire is to see the King my master before he comes out of Scotland.—Blackfriars, 28 March, 1603. Holograph. Endorsed: "Lord Cobham, 30 March, 1603." ½ p. (187. 16.)
	Daniel Dun to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 29.	Grief will not suffer me to be very long in the discovery of that the very thought whereof hinders all the parts of my body and mind in their functions: wherefore with tears I express the ill news here to be that our most gracious sovereign Queen and Mistress is departed this life. And although we make resemblance that it is otherwise, hoping the report to be untrue, yet our faces not being able sufficiently to cover the passions of our hearts therein, doth, I am in doubt, smally persuade the beholders to the contrary. This may perhaps move the Hanses in time to take the more spirit to solicit and labour their uttermost against the good success of our business: and in the meanwhile holds us in some suspense, as not knowing what to do. I desire your honourable favour for the procurement of this gentleman's dispatch back unto us again, with better tidings and further directions for our comfort and good assistance in this cause.—Breame [Bremen], 29 March, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 58.)
	Henry, Lord Cobham, to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 29.	I send a letter brought me from Captain Frost, who had order to take up certain shipping at Rye, I being neither acquainted with the man nor the matter, and having before given general directions, as well for that place as the rest under my government, that during this time nothing should be done without special warrant from me, he could not by that means furnish himself as he expected. If this cause be thought needful for the good of the State, and their Lordships shall be pleased to give me order for it, I will send directions accordingly. —My house in Blackfriars, 29 March, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 60.)
	The Enclosure: William Frost to Lord Cobham.—Some oversight has been committed by those that made the warrant for the shipping of men at the port of Rye, which I find to be one of the Cinque Ports and within your command: yet the warrant is not directed to you in particular, which made me neglect my duty at my being at London. I find in this place great want of convenient shipping, and would entreat your letters not only to the Mayor of Rye, but to other of the port towns near adjoining in Sussex, for their assistance in my expeditions, and for the raising of such voluntaries as will dispose themselves to our wars, for the taking up of "vaggabones" which will seek to shelter themselves within the ports when they shall understand of any levy in the country.—Rye, March 27, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 59.)
	Examination of Robert Avory, of St. Germans, Cornwall, taken by Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 30 March, 1603.
1603, March 30.	Being captain in a man of war, he was taken prisoner by two men of war of Spain, and detained three years and ten months in Galicia. He coming to the Groyne, there was arrived before a little bark of Salcombe, which came immediately from Cork. Three of the bark, Valentine Lingwood, of Cork, master of the bark, Robert Listen, of Salcombe, owner, and Robert Smale. of Salcombe, told him they knew not till they were at sea but that they should have gone for Brittany: but the captain of the bark, Edney, having opened a letter, told the company they were to go for Spain. The master and owner told him that Edney had letters from the president of Munster, Sir George Carew, to Don John de Aguly, general of the Spanish forces lately in Ireland, which letters were sent presently to Don John, and so to the Court. They had also a little nag for Don John. Before coming to the Groyne, he heard that this company had their pass to be gone, but were afterwards stayed, and so he left them all there except one Prouse, who departed for England. Signed: "Jona. Trelawny." 1 p. (99. 61.)
	Sir Henry Wallop to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 30.	Having the opportunity of this bearer, my brother Gifford, I recommend my service to your honour, as lately at London I declared myself to you. He with myself and the rest of our friends are, upon notice of your pleasure, at your commandment. Your noble virtues and deserts towards me in particular may ever challenge much more at my hands than I can any way perform, and yet I will never forget to acknowledge the same.—Farlye Wallop, 30 March, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 62.)
	Sir George St. Poll to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 30.	Offers his services, in Scotland or elsewhere. Speaks of having of old attended Lord Burghley.—March 30, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 63.)
	Edward, Lord Zouche, to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 30.	Have you left me to myself, or may I hope you will let me hear what you advise me unto, not as that I will call for your justification if I be impeached for it, but because I desire to be tied to you in a new bond of friendship? I pray you conceive in what state I remain here, my commission out of force, the Papists strengthening themselves by all means they may, I by justice offending many, void of friends, having neither armour nor munition, and now no means to provide it. Let the State know my case, procure their minds to be known, and let me know what you think is fit for me in this place and at this time.—Ludlowe, 30 March, 1603. Holograph. Endorsed: "Lord President of Wales." 1 p. (99. 64.)
	Henry Lord Mordaunt, to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 30.	Was prevented by illness from coming to Court according to Cecil's former letters. Expresses his grief at the Queen's death, and comfort and joy at the King's accession. According to the Lords' letters of 25 March, 1603, he has published the proclamation thereof in all parts about him.—Drayton, 30 March, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 65.)
	Lord Burghley to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 30.	We all remain in a gaze here till we hear either from you there, or from his Majesty out of Scotland. From thence I look every day to receive some direction from his Majesty for the authorising this place, both for the Council and for the executing causes of justice, whereof this place is not at this time capable. Send you opinion whether there shall be order sent hither for preparing of the King's houses, as they shall lie in his way, as ordinarily it was used in our late Sovereign's time when she went any long progresses. This place where the Presidents used to lie is the place only that is fit to lodge his Majesty, yet quite out of order. I make myself provision to remove into a house that I have hired within the city, so as I must of necessity remove my own stuff with me, and leave this house naked. I think the officers of both sides, one trusting to another, may forget in time to do that which is fit, and so things left at random, to our great dishonour. Let me know your opinion what order will be taken herein, and about what time you guess his Majesty will set forward from Scotland. Here are numbers of gentlemen that by troops post into Scotland. If the rumours had been true, it was reported that you were come hither, and that some of the watch of this town did open the gates at midnight to let you in. Great and confident speeches are cast out of my Lord Beawcham's running away into France, and verified by divers. I would be glad to hear from you whether there is any such thing or no. I mean at my son's return from Scotland to make you privy how all things stand there, so far as he can give me notice.—York, 30 March, 1603. Holograph. Endorsed: "L. President of York." 1 p. (99. 66.)
	Hu. Glaseour, Mayor of Chester, to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 30.	Yesterday the 29th he received the Lords' letters of the 28th, enclosing a proclamation of the accession. The like having come to his hands the Sunday before, he proclaimed it the same day in this city, where it was received with great joy and general applause. Since then there have been idle reports as to the authority of the proclamation, and these letters from the Lords, subscribed with their own hands, have given great satisfaction. By the enclosed he sends the same information to the Earl of Derby, "one much respected and desired amongst us."—Chester, 30 March, 1603. Holograph. Endorsed: Mayor of Chester. 1 p. (99. 67.)
	William FitzWilliam to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 30.	Proclamation of James's accession made in Northamptonshire, he being present in that part where his abode is. His own eyes were witnesses of the grief conceived by the loss of the Queen, abundance of tears falling down the faces of multitudes; as also of the joy embraced by the entrance of the other, appearing by many streams of innumerable voices delivered with such applause as it seemed to rend the very air. Mr. Oliver Cromwell has gone towards the King; and thitherwards Sir Anthony Mildmay has sent a man of his, meaning, as is reported, to follow himself.—Milton, 30 March, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 68.)
	J. Chippingdale to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 30.	He desires Cecil to advertise him when he (Cecil) with his retinue will attend the King on his coming to London, and where it is Cecil's pleasure he should attend him.— Leicester Castle, 30 March, 1603. Holograph. Endorsed: "Dr. Chipingdale." 1 p. (99. 71.)
	Francis Tusser to Sir Robert Cecil.
[1603], March 31.	The packet committed to my charge I hope my Lord Treasurer, my Lord Admiral and you have had understanding of the safe delivery. To write any news out of these parts I take little comfort in, hearing so ill out of England, which I pray prove better than we hear. I thought briefly to signify to you, upon my being with the Landgrave of Heston, that his letters to you were to make known as well his love to you as otherwise, which he willed me to signify. There was a messenger came from the King of France unto the Landgrave the 12 of March, who made report of the King's coming into Mets with 4,000 horse. As yet the King remains there. The Duke of Bullen has been with the Grave of Hano, and is now returned to Hedelbarg again. The Car[di]nal of Loraine carries the Bishopric of Strosburrow [?Strasburg]. The Duke of Bullen wrote to the Landgrave of Hesson, the 14 of March, such earnest letters, as it should seem by his immediate return towards those parts again he will see the King of France, to solicit him in the Duke's behalf. There is no hope left for the King to expect his election for King of the Romans. Our heavy news draws me now nearer England, so I hope to see you shortly.—Breame, last of March. Holograph. Endorsed: "1603." 1 p. (99. 72.)
	D. Foulis to Sir Robert Cecil.
[1603, March 31.]	Seeing Mr. Ashton parteth this day, therefore I desire to know by you the Council doth accept of his Majesty's letter so soon as they shall hear it, and withal that I may have a copy thereof to be sent to his Majesty by him; and so the morrow early, I will look for your appointment to me to be with the Council for producing the commission. You may excuse the closing of it any way you list.—Undated. Holograph. Endorsed: "Mr. David Foulis last of March, 1603." ½ p. (99. 73.)
	John Dalston to Sir John Stanhope.
1603, March 31.	On Monday his Majesty was proclaimed here, since which time the insolent villains of both Marches have not desisted from the making of great incursions, burnings and spoils in this country; for redress hereof, both by the Lord of Newby, his Majesty's deputy opposite, and others, I have made certificate thereof, craving speedy sending hither of strong forces for daunting the same, which I doubt not will be very shortly effected. George, whom I sent to his Majesty is returned with a letter from him, copy enclosed.
	It is credibly spoken that his Majesty will be at Berwick either upon Sunday or Monday next at night.—Carlell, last of March, 1603.
	PS.—This day, with 6 servants, Mr. Francis Dacre [came] into this county; and this night Mr. Francis Clifford is here with me at Carlell, upon his journey towards the King. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 75.)
	The Enclosure:—The King to John Dalston. We render you great thanks for your willing mind and disposition to our service, and advertising us by your son with such haste thereof, wherein as we find us greatly satisfied thereby, so we will as occasion offers remember and reward you, and all such other as gave proof of their honest intention to our service. Always we look assuredly before this ye have received one sufficient warrant authorising all your proceeding. And the Lord Scroope, by his several letters written before our dearest sister's decease, and directed hither to George Nicholson, who imparted the same to us, has declared that immediately upon her decease, he would acknowledge us his sovereign. And if as yet ye have not received advertisement from him, upon the receipt of these letters ye shall not fail immediately to cause proclaim us at our City of Carliell, and to take possession of the castle to our use, and in our name. And herewith we thought meet to signify our will that all officers and others in garrison and pay within the castle, city and bounds, of the wardenry, shall remain unchanged in any way in their rooms, places, offices, or pay, while that order be taken thereanent by advice of our Council there.—Our Palace of Halyrudhowse, 29 March, 1603. Contemporary copy. 1 p. (99. 74.)
	Jo. Ferne to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 31.	Details his services and begs Cecil to commend him to the King that he may continue to enjoy the place he holds.—York, last of March, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (99. 76.)
	Duke of Lenox to —.
1603, March 31.	I have found your promises so faithful and your friendship so assured in time past that this time now craves the like on my part, if I can give proof of it, for this late alteration needs not to alter our so honourable correspondence of amity for our Sovereign's service. The rest to meeting, or your pleasure.—From Court, last of March, 1603. Holograph. ½ p. (99. 76a.)
	The Earl of Bath to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 31.	Seeing that through the decease of our late gracious and never to be forgotten Lady and Mistress, such as I am in these times (that live so far off) may be to seek how to inform and carry ourselves in the well ordering of things to the behoof of his Majesty that now is: I entreat the continuance of your kind advertisement therein, rather than any other of my friends, in respect of the honourable usage that your father vouchsafed me from my childhood. I beseech you to take notice of my request to my Lords in this letter sent by the packet.—Towstock, last of March, 1603. Signed, "W. Bathon." ½ p. (99. 77.)
	Dr. Richard Vaughan, Bishop of Chester, to Sir Robert Cecil.
1603, March 31.	Has received letters from the Lords, joining with her late Majesty's Council, for proclaiming James. Before the receipt, by virtue of a proclamation brought to him by Sir Henry Danvers, he procured the Mayor and Aldermen of Chester, on Sunday the 27th instant, to publish the same. Describes the heavy amazement caused by the Queen's death, and the great comfort taken in the accession of James. Offers his services to the King.—Chester, March 31, 1603. Holograph. 1 p. (187. 18.)
	Sir Edward Hoby to Sir Robert Cecil.
[1603, ? March.]	If the state should have occasion to send any to his Majesty prays that he may be chosen. Holds that his presence will not be unacceptable to the King.—Undated. Endorsed: "1603." Holograph. ½ p. (99. 47.)
	The Affairs of Mr. Baptist Hicks.
[1603, ? March.]	The cause of Mr. Hicks's malice to your Honour's farm is that he cannot do now as he hath done in her Majesty's days—to enter what he list. To make this more plain, I have collected the two years which your Honour hath already past. For all this year 1602 which your Honour hath used me I never opened nor suffered any goods of his to be opened. Therefore his malice must proceed of gain which he hath saved by custom in times past and not altogether of loss to the King as he pretendeth.
	Your Honour's farm took place 25 March, 1601. Mr. Hicks paid in custom April-November, 188l. 18s. 0d. For the year 1602 he paid May-December, 569l. 9s. 7d. Therefore he hath lost this year 1602 the sum of 380l. 11s. 7d. Endorsed: "1603. Baptist Hickes." Unsigned. 1 p. (92. 75.)
	Captain T. Jackson to Sir Robert Cecil.
	1603, [March]— Nemo confidat nimium secundis Nemo desperat meliora lapsus Res deus nostras celeri citatas Turbine versat.
	Your Honour hath been pre-ordained a principal steersman in these lamenting, wavering and hope growing times. Therefore my prayer shall be that at this time especially he will defend your person, enable your understanding and direct your councils ad tuam et meam et ad communem omnium salutem. I do verily believe that no more peaceable quietness came into this land by the conjunction of York and Lancaster than at this present; yet because every man must show his affection I must acknowledge that the good intended towards me hath been by your means, and I am persuaded that if any advancement hereafter do fall unto me, you are ordained to be the means thereof. Integritas mea pro me et mihi opem ferat quam expecto. Endorsed: "1602." Holograph. 1 p. (97. 65.)
	The French Ambassador to Sir Robert Cecil.
[1603, March.]	Bemoans the death of the Queen but is rejoiced at the salutary and prompt resolution of the Council to proclaim his Majesty of Scotland as their King. Knows that the news will be agreeable to the King, his master, who of all her friends cherished and honoured her Majesty with most sincerity. Begs a passport for one of his people whom he wishes to dispatch this day to France.—De Barbecan. [Date and signature torn off.] Endorsed: "French Ambassador to my Mr." French. 1 p. (206. 2.)
	Remembrances. (fn. 1)
[1603] [March ?]	Item, to see what is in Anne Blechenden's coffer. Item, to know what chambers Worseley had in Barnard's Castle. Item, to send to Mr. Deny and William Clark to know what money was given the Queen at any time by the King's Highness. Item, to know of Mr. Williams and Mr. Ager what plate was given the Queen by the King's Highness. Item, to enquire at Barnard's Castle who "fett" (fetched) the coffers out of the upper chamber and what they were.
	Item, to take into my hands all the books of account in any man's hands, and to cause a brief to be taken out of them of all such sums of money as is to be accounted for by any man or woman. Item, to enquire where all the suit of rich saddles be and other things concerning the stable. Item, to enquire where the great standard stood that Mr. Coks brought. Item, to enquire of him what plate and coffers he hath in his charge. Item, to send the keys to Anne Blechenden that the Queen wore at her girdle.
	Joskens and Bristow. Item, to know of Joskens what money, plate or jewels was given the Queen and to whom the same was delivered: and the like of Brystow.
	Laytones account. Lands of the Lord Latymer. Item, to take the whole account of all the lands that was the Queen's jointure by the Lord Latymer and Mr. Borow and to know to whom the money was delivered. Undated. 1¼ pp. (A.96.)
	Offices Void.
	[1603, ?March or April.]
	The lord privy seal. The Earl Marshal. The L. Steward. The Groom of the Stole. The Master of the Ordnance. The Justice of an Eyre beyond Trent. The Chancellor of the Duchy. The Gentleman Porter.
	Governments.
	The Town of Barwicke, void. Sr. Jhon Carey provisionally only. The Captain of Portsmouth. L. Montioy. Patent. The Ile of Wight. L. Chamberlain. Patent. The Iland of Garnsey. Sr. Thomas Leighton. Patent. The Iland of Gersey. Sr. Walter Raleigh. Patent. The fort of Plymmouth. Sr. Jhon Gilbart. temporary. The fort of Falmouth. Sr. Nicholas Parker. temporary. The Government of Flushing and Briell. Sr. Robert Sidney, Sr. Fra. Vere. In handwriting of Cecil's secretary; the words italicised are in Cecil's handwriting. ²/3 p. (188. 28.)
	Memoranda.
[1603, ?March or April.]	The conservation of uniformity in religion. The administration of common justice as well in criminal and civil justice as in Courts of Equity.
	The preservation of the L[ord]s' Prerogative royal which containeth preeminency appertaining to the Crown in the matters of title for lands or goods commenced in the L[ord]s' House.
	Provisions for the K[ing] by commission and defence of his person and state. The establishing of a Privy Council. The Creations. In Cecil's handwriting. ½ p. (188. 29.)