Folios clxi - clxx: May 1349 -

Folio clxi.

Custodia Ph'i fil' Ph'i fil' Ph'i Gentil.

Tuesday after the Feast of SS. Philip and James [1 May], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], came Hugh de Robury, executor of Philip Gentyl, senior, and delivered to Andrew Aubrey, pepperer, in the presence of John Lovekvn, the Mayor, Simon Dolsely, Roger de Depham, John Syward, and Adam Brabason, Aldermen, 30 gold nobles of the value of £10, to the use of Philip, son of Philip, son of the aforesaid Philip, who was in the service (in comitiva) of the said Andrew; on the understanding that if Philip the father returned from abroad before the son came of age, the said Andrew would indemnify the said Hugh. (fn. 1)

Afterwards, viz., on Tuesday after the Feast of St. Peter ad Vincula [1 Aug.], 24 Edward III. [A.D. 1350], came Philip the grandson into the Chamber before Walter Turk, the Mayor, Andrew Aubrey, Roger de Depham, Simon Dolsely, Simon de Worstede, and William de Todenham, Aldermen, and declared that his father had been dead more than five years, and demanded delivery of the money in the hands of Aubrey aforesaid, and it was granted.

Custodia pueror' Hug' le Plastrer.

Wednesday before the Feast of St. Mark [25 April], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], the guardianship of Robert, son of Hugh le Plastrer, aged twelve, John his brother, aged nine, and Thomas, another brother, aged six, committed to William Oyldebeof de Colmworth, co. Beds, by John Lovekyn, the Mayor, and the Aldermen. Surety, viz., John Costantyn, draper, of the parish of St. Mary de Aldermanbury.

Folio clxi b.

Proclamacio facta die Lune in crastino Sancte Trim talis.

Wednesday after the Feast of All Saints [1 Nov.], 11 Edward III. [A.D. 1337], came all the brewers and brewsters (braciatrices) of the City and suburbs before Henry Darcy, the Mayor, John de Grantham, Gregory de Nortone, John Hamond, Andrew Aubrey, Ralph de Uptone, Simon Fraunceys, Nicholas Crane [Aldermen], and others of the Commonalty, and it was forbidden them by the said Mayor and Aldermen to sell by any other measure than the gallon, the pottle, and quart, or by any measure not sealed with the seal of the Alderman of the Ward they were further forbidden to sell a gallon of the best ale for more than 1½d., a gallon of medium ale for more than 1d., and of the cheaper ale for more than ¾d., the penalty for the first conviction being imprisonment for three days and a fine of 4d.; for the second offence, imprisonment for six days and a fine of half a mark; and for the third, abjuration of the City.

Whereas our lord the King has taken into his protection the good folk of Flanders who have come into his realm and have assisted him in his quarrel, we command all people that no one, on pain of imprisonment and forfeiture to our said lord the King and the City, be so bold as to commit any injury to or to molest, any of them.

Also that no one wander about the City after curfew sounded at St. Martin-le-Grand unless he be a great lord or other person of good repute, and this for reasonable cause and with a light.

Also that no one, of whatsoever condition he may be, come to the City to draw men out of the City for wicked conspiracy and covin that may conduce to breaking of the peace of our lord the King or scandal of the City, and that no one of the City be a consenting party thereto, on pain of imprisonment at the will of the lord the King.

Also that if any there be who refuse to be responsible for the peace of our lord the King, all those of the peace shall be ready and apparelled to assist the officers of the City to arrest and bring them to justice as the law requires.

Also that every man of the peace of our lord the King have power, in the absence of officers, to arrest felons and malefactors, and bring them to the hostels of the Mayor and Sheriffs, that due punishment be inflicted on them. (fn. 2)

Custodia pueror' Ric'i Loveye.

Thursday after the Feast of Annunciation B. M. [25 March], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], John de Fifhide, mercer, rendered account before Simon Dolsely, pepperer, and Thomas de Maryns, apothecary, auditors assigned to him by John Lovekyn, the Mayor, and the Aldermen, of the goods and chattels left by will of Richard Loveye, mercer, to John, Thomas, John, "Cristiana," and William his children, then under the guardianship of the said John de Fifhide.

Folio clxii.

Afterwards, viz., on the 10th Aug., 35 Edward III. [A.D. 1361], came John the elder, son of the aforesaid Richard, before John Wrothe, the Mayor, and John de Cauntebrigge, the Chamberlain, and, declaring himself to be of full age, received his portionof patrimony.

Afterwards, viz., on the 23rd Sept., the same year, came Thomas Loveye, aged twenty-two, and acknowledged satisfaction for his patrimony.

Afterwards, viz., on the 8th Jan., 44 Edward III. [A.D. 1370-1], came Richard de Staneford, "diere," and "Cristina" his wife, daughter of the aforesaid Richard Loveye, before John Bernes, the Mayor, and John de Cantebrigge, the Chamberlain, and acknowledged satisfaction for the patrimony due to her.

Afterwards, viz., on Wednesday after the Feast of St. Luke [18 Oct.], 45 Edward III. [A.D. 1371], came the brothers John Loveye and William Loveye and likewise acknowledged satisfaction.

Folio clxii b.

Obitus Thom' de Maryns Cam'ar' et eleccio Thom' de Waldene in Cam'arium.

Thomas Maryns, the Chamberlain, died on Saturday the Feast of St. Mark [25 April], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], and on Monday after the Feast of St. Dunstan [19 May], the same year, Thomas de Waldene, apothecary, was elected and sworn Chamberlain in full Husting of Common Pleas by John Lovekyn, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and the whole Commonalty.

Admissio Thom' de Neuport in servientem Cam'e.

Thursday after the Feast of the Annunciation B.M. [25 March], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], Thomas de Neuport admitted Serjeant of the Chamber of the Guildhall by John Lovekyn, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and Commonalty, and sworn, &c.

Admissio Antoii de Grenewych in servientem Cam'e.

Monday after the Feast of St. Alphege [19 April], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], Antony, son of Nicholas de Grenewych, similarly admitted Serjeant of the Chamber, and sworn, &c.

Peter Sterre jur' ad faci d' offic' Tronagii lanar'.

At a Court of Pleas of Land held on Monday after the Feastof St. Barnabas [11 June], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], Thomas Broun and other good men of the mistery of Woolmongers elected Peter Sterre loco William Dyry, deceased, to execute the office of tronage of wools in the City and suburbs And the said Peter was sworn in full Husting, &c.

Will's Raven jur' ad faciend' officium parve balancie.

Wednesday after the Nativity of St. John Bapt. [24 June], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], William Raven, mercer, elected and sworn before J[ohn] Lovekyn, the Mayor, and the Aldermen, to execute the office of the Small Balance, paying 50s. yearly to the Chamberlain for the time being. Sureties,viz., Simon de Worsted, Alderman, William Aylward, John de Herewardstoke, Hugh atte Boure, John de Rothynge, and Adam Chaumberleyn.

Simon de Reyn ham jur' ad faciend' officium parve balancie.

Afterwards, viz., on Thursday after the Feast of Translationof St. Thomas the Martyr [7 July], it was testified by men of the said mistery that the above William Raven was dead, and the men of the said mistery elected Simon de Reynham in his place at the same rent, and he was sworn, &c.

Folio clxiii.

Br'e pro pisce nar' poletarns allutar' et aliis mesteris quod non vendant carius quam solebant.

Writ to the Sheriffs of London and Middlesex for proclamation to be made for the due observance of the (so-called) Statute of Labourers, (fn. 3) regulating the wages of servants and artificers, and forbidding the enhancement of victuals in consequence of the recent pestilence. Witness the King at Westminster, 18 June, 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349].

Folio clxiii b.

Eleccio abrocar' wysde.

Friday after the Feast of St. Mary Magdalen [22 July], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], Walter Herneys, weaver (tyxtor), elected broker of woad by merchants of Amyas, Neel, and Corby; and the same day Gilbert le Pipere elected broker of woad by the Dyers of the City.

Mensurarii wysde.

The same day, William de Hoo elected measurer of woad by merchants of Amyas, Neel, and Corby, and John Longe, measurer of woad, by Dyers of the City.

Custodia Will'i fil' Walt'i Burdeyn.

Wednesday after the Feast of St. James [25 July], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], the guardianship of William, son of Walter Burdeyn, aged ten years, committed by John Lovekyn, the Mayor, and the Aldermen to Thomas atte Barnet. Sureties, viz., Thomas de Cantebrigge, goldsmith, Robert Huberd, "mason," and William de Thame, "blader".

Custodia Thom' fil' Ric'i fil' Ric'i de Basyngstoke.

The following day the guardianship of Thomas, son of Richard, son of Richard de Basyngstoke, aged one and a half years, committed by John Lovekyn, the Mayor, Simon Dolsely, Alderman, and Thomas de Waldene, the Chamberlain, to John de Depleye and Johanna his wife, mother of the said Thomas. Sureties, viz., John Geffrey, John Edward, and John de Farnham.

Folio clxiv.

Captio pro mensur' ciphe salis grossi et minuti.

Be it remembered that on Thursday after the Feast of St. Laurence [10 Aug.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], John Lyghtfot, John Botiller, William de Harwe, John atte Shoppe, John Reyner, William de Draytone, Robert de Yvyngho, and Henry Sauge, meters of salt, were sworn to certify John Lovekyn, the Mayor, and the Aldermen as to how much the meters of salt, large and small, ought and were accustomed to take at Billyngesgate for measuring a sieve (cipha) of each kind of salt without carriage, and how much for measuring and carriage together of each kind to divers parts of the City; and they say on oath that, according to the ancient custom of the City, the meters of salt should take for measuring a sieve of large salt at Billyngesgate without carriage 2½d., and for measuring the same sieve of large salt and carriage of the same from Billyngesgate and Wollewharf to Bredestrete and other distant places of the City 8d. Also they should take for measuring a sieve of small salt there, according to the ancient custom of the City, without carriage 2d., and for measuring and carriage of the same to the places aforesaid 6d.

Also they ought to take at Queenhithe, according to the ancient custom of the City, for measuring a sieve of large salt without carriage 2½d., and for measuring and carriage of the same to Bredestrete and other parts of the City 6d. Also for measuring a sieve of small salt 2d. without carriage, and with carriage to Bredestrete and other parts of the City 4d. (fn. 4)

Be it remembered that a sieve of large salt contains 5 quarters and 6 bushels, and a sieve of small salt contains exactly 5 quarters and no more.

Tuesday the eve of St. Thomas, Ap [21 Dec.], 25 Edward III.[A.D. 1351], came Thomas atte Barnet, guardian of William, son of Walter Burdeyn, before Andrew Aubrey, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and Thomas de Waldene, the Chamberlain, and asked to be discharged of his guardianship Thereupon came William Fraunceys, goldsmith, and acknowledged that he had received from the said Thomas atte Barnet all that was due, and the guardianship was transferred from the said Thomas to the said William Fraunceys, who found sureties, viz., John de Brynchesle and Thomas de Hyngestone, goldsmiths.

Folio clxiv b.

Custodia pueror' Rog'i le Peautrer.

Wednesday after the Feast of the Assumption [15 Aug.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], the guardianship of William, son of Roger le Peautrer, aged six years, Mary his sister, aged five, and Thomas his brother, aged one and a half years, committed to John Syward, "peautrer," by John Lovekyn, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and Thomas de Waldene, the Chamberlain, together with their property, comprising certain shops in the parish of All Hallows de Bredestrete Sureties, viz., Nicholas de Kyngesworth, "peautrer," Richard de Brokesfeld, "peautrer, "William Syward, "peautrer," and Hugh de Cauntebrigge.

Br'e Regis de ulnag' pro Joh'e de Mareys.

Writ to the Mayor and Sheriffs for proclamation to be made of the appointment of John Mareys to be the King's Alnager of cloth, &c., for life, and of William de Stanhope to be his deputy Witness the King at Westminster, 20 Aug., 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349].

Proclamation made accordingly Saturday after the Feast of St. Michael [29 Sept.]

Folio clxv.

ijs. vjd.

Grant by John de Coggeshale, "corder," executor of Robert Hamond, (fn. 5) late "corder," and guardian of Thomas his son, an apprentice of Simon de Worstede, mercer, to the said Simon of the sum of £10 bequeathed to the said Thomas and certain tenements in the parishes of St. Peter de Cornhull and St. Andrew near Estchepe; to hold the same in trust for the said Thomas Dated Saturday the Feast of the Assumption [15 Aug.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349].

Proclamacio.

Proclamation touching the appointment by the King of John Mareys to be Alnager for life.

Folio clxv b.

De falsis retib' combustis.

Saturday after the Feast of the Decollation of St. John Bapt. [29 Aug.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], Robert de Rameseye, John de Burdeux, William de Braynford, Richard Kayho, John Horn, and William Fourneux, fishmongers, brought to the Guildhall five false nets, found in the Thames to the east of London Bridge, belonging to John Goldstone de Berkyng, Johnde Clayhurst de Grenewych, and Walter Sprot of the same, together with three bushels of fry caught in the said nets, and useless owing to their smallness. The facts acknowledged, and a day given so that John Lovekyn, the Mayor, and the Aldermen might further consider the matter. On the day named judgment was given for the nets to be burnt, and the culprits found sureties for their future good conduct, viz., William Dykeman, "ismongere," John atte Naysshe de Grenewych, "mariner," Nicholas Clerk de Berkynge, Henry Basset of the same, John de Lyndeseye, and William de Maydestane, seaman(nauta). (fn. 6)

Custodia pueror' Joh'is de Sellyngge.

Friday after the Feast of the Exaltation of H. Cross [14 Sept.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], came William Stoke, tailor, and Margery his wife before John Lovekyn, the Mayor, Roger de Depham and other Aldermen [not named], and Thomas de Waldene, the Chamberlain, and acknowledged that he had received from John de Cantebrigge, chaplain, executor of Henry de Aysshebourne, chaplain, who was executor of John de Sellyngge, draper, the sum of £10, bequeathed by the said John de Sellyngge in trust for Margery and Juliana, daughters of the said John (fn. 7). Sureties, viz., William de Naples and John de Draytone, tailor.

Folio clxvi.

Custodia Margarete fil' Ric'i Salman.

Friday after the Feast of St. Michael [29 Sept.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], came Robert de Lincoln, fishmonger, and Isabella his wife before John Lovekyn, the Mayor, Roger de Depham, and Thomas de Waldene, the Chamberlain, and acknowledged he had received from John Wyliot and Robert de Fourneux, executors of Hugh de Stowe, "draper," who was executor of Richard Salman, draper, the sum of £21 4s., bequeathed by the said Richard to Margaret his daughter, to hold the same in trust for the said Margaret, over whom they had been appointed guardians Sureties, viz., William de Berkynge, Richard de Kent, Richard Twychene, and Geoffrey Denny, fishmongers.

Afterwards, viz., on Thursday after the Feast of St. Gregory [12 March], 31 Edward III. [A.D. 1356-7], Richard Turk and John Mounqoi, fishmongers, became sureties, and the above were exonerated.

Compotus exec Thom' de Maryns Cam'arii London'.

12 Oct., 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], account rendered by the executors of Thomas de Maryns, late Chamberlain of the Guildhall, before Richard Lacer and Simon de Worstede, Aldermen, Thomas de Ispania and John Blaunch, commoners, auditors of the said account, which is for a period of two and a half years from Michaelmas, 20 Edward III. [A D 1346].

Folio clxvi b.

Custodia pueror' Ric'i Salman.

Monday before the Feast of SS. Simon and Jude [28 Oct.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], came William Pycot, draper, and Johanna his wife before John Lovekyn, the Mayor, Roger de Depham and other Aldermen [not named], and Thomas de Waldene, the Chamberlain, and acknowledged the receipt of certain sums of money from John Wiliot and Robert (de) Fourneux, executors of Hugh de "Stouwe," draper, executor of Richard Salman, in trust for Nicholas and Robert, children of the said Richard, of whom the said William and Johanna had been appointed guardians. Sureties, viz., John de Flaundene, "hosier," Robert de Lederede, "hosier," and Robert de Wakefeld, woolmonger.

Exoneracio de custod' pre dictis.

Script' Will'i de Naples de ten' extra Lodegate.

Afterwards, viz., on Saturday before the Feast of the Conversion of St. Paul [25 Jan.], 40 Edward III. [A.D. 1366-7], the above William and Johanna and their sureties were discharged.

Lease by John Lovekyn, the Mayor, the Aldermen, and the rest of the citizens to William de Naples of a piece of vacant land outside Lodegate, situate near the tenement of Robert de Hotokeshater and Agnes his wife, for a term of eighty years, at an annual rent of 60s. Dated Monday after the Feast of St. Edmund the King [20 Nov.], 22 Edward III.[A.D. 1348].

Folio clxvii.

Vaginarii.

Friday the Feast of St. Edmund the King [20 Nov.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], Walter de Rychemond, Richard Warde, Peter de Berdefeld, and John de Shirbourn, sheathers, sworn before Walter Turk, the Mayor, to keep the articles of theirmistery.

Tassemakers.

Petition of Tasse-makers (les fesours des Tasses (fn. 8) ) to the Mayor and Aldermen that the following ordinances may be permitted for the good of their mistery and common weal, viz.:—

First, that no foreigner hold shop nor trade in things appertaining to the mistery before he be made free by the officers and examined by the masters of the mistery whether he be fit for that mistery and estate or not.

Item, that if any foreigner come to the City to work and make profit he make nothing before he has submitted himself to the masters of the said mistery (cel office) and been examined as to his ability, and they have ordained what he should reasonably take by the week for his work, so that the master may be able to maintain his estate and the servant make an honest livelihood.

Item, that no one of the mistery procure or cause to be procured, privily or openly, servants or hirelings (lowis) of others of the mistery, whereby a master may become worse served by day or night, under penalty of 40s. to the Chamber of the Guildhall on conviction, and that a master may recover his runaway servant without offence.

Item, that if any servant of the mistery who has conducted himself well and loyally towards his masters fall ill, so that he cannot maintain himself, he be relieved by the good men until he be able to maintain himself.

Folio clxvii b.

Item, if any servant of the mistery be of bad behaviour, and declines to amend, and be convicted of some falsity, that he abjure the mistery until he can regain favour.

Item, that no one of the mistery take an apprentice unless he be himself a freeman of the City, nor any hireling unless he be proved by the masters of the mistery to know his business (mestier), and if any hireling be in the said mistery without knowing his business, let him be put out if he will not become an apprentice.

Item, that, if any one of the mistery be found working within the City or without, privily or openly, or trading in things appertaining to the mistery, contrary to the form and reason here prescribed, his work or merchandise be forfeited, wheresoever found, to the use of the Chamber.

Item, if any work of the mistery be found within the City or elsewhere that is deemed to be bad or unprofitable for the community, at the discretion of the Mayor and Aldermen and the Masters of the mistery, that such work be taken and carried to the Mayor and Aldermen, and be by them declared to be good or bad, according as they shall find it.

Wednesday after the Feast of the Decollation of St. John Bapt. [29 Aug.], 30 Edward III. [A.D. 1356], John atte More Richard de Covyntre, Thomas le Pipere, Roger de Henle, John Rosemound, and Richard Coupere, who had formerly been sworn to keep the articles above written, were removed by common assent of the whole mistery, and the following were elected and sworn in their place, viz., William de Thynde, John Chert, Richard Spark, Dediric le Newemawe, "Fleammynge".

Custodia Elenfilie Joh'is le Parmenter de Ebor'.

Monday after the Feast of St. Lucia [13 Dec.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], the guardianship of Elena, daughter of John le Parmenter of York, committed to William de Spershore, "chaloner," and Johanna his wife, by Walter Turk, Mayor, Roger de Depham and the rest of the Aldermen [not named], and Thomas de Waldene, the Chamberlain, together with a certain sum of money received from Robert de Wodham, executor of Robert de Haugham, who was executor of the aforesaid John le Parmenter. Sureties, viz., Hamo, son of Hugh de Waltham, "pesshoner," Robert de Tewekysbury, "webbe," Ralph Campion, beadle of the Ward of Algate, and Richard Bridd, "heaumer".

Folio clxviii.

Br'e ne aliquis transeat mare.

Writ to the Mayor and Sheriffs for proclamation to be made against any leaving the kingdom except well-known merchants, inasmuch as the country had become so much depopulated by the pestilence and the Treasury exhausted. Witness the King at Westminster, 1 Dec., 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349] (fn. 9)

Writ to the Sheriffs for proclamation to be made against artificers and others demanding higher wages than the average they were receiving before the pestilence, in accordance with the terms of a previous ordinance, (fn. 10) under pain of imprisonment Witness the King at Westminster, 21 Nov., 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349].

Folio clxviii b.

De sutoribus et aliisoperarii castigand.

Writ to the Mayor and Sheriffs for enforcing the ordinance forbidding artificers and others demanding higher wages than the average of what they were receiving before the pestilence Witness the King at Westminster, 8 Dec., 23 Edward III.[A.D. 1349].

Folio clxix.

Quod operaru capiant stipendia ut sole bant et non ultra.

Writ to the taxors and collectors of the tenth and fifteenth last granted (fn. 11) to the King by the laity that they see that any excess of wages demanded by artificers and others contrary to the ordinance made thereon be applied towards relieving the burdens of the realm Witness the King at Westminster,21 Nov., 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349].

Folio clxix b.

Custodia Thome fil' Rog'i le Car penter spyc'.

Wednesday before the Nativity of the Lord [25 Dec.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349], the guardianship of Thomas, son of Roger le Carpenter, "spycer," committed to Thomas de Brandone, mercer, by Walter Turk, Mayor, Richard Lacer, Roger de Depham, Aldermen, and Thomas de Waldene, the Chamberlain, by assent of William de Chalk and Agnes his wife, the aunt and nearest friend of the said Thomas, together with the sum of £45, and rents of the value of 105s. 9½d., to hold in trust for the said infant, who is not to marry without permission of the Mayor and Aldermen. Sureties, viz., Richard Vyncent, Rector of the Church of St. Benedict de Shorhogge, (fn. 12) who holds a lay fee in the parish of St. Augustine, near St. Paul's gate, and Adam Fraunceys, mercer.

And be it known that of the aforesaid sum of 105s. 9½d. there ought to be subtracted 2 marks annual rent due to the Prior of the New Hospital of St. Mary without Bisshopesgate.

Gaunters.

Ordinances made by the good folk of the Glovers of London (fn. 13) [No date.]

Folio clxx.

And be it known that the underwritten were elected by the wiser and wealther men of the aforesaid mistery to keep the above articles, and were sworn before the Mayor and Aldermen so to do, viz., Robert de Goldesburgh, Thomas de Gloucestre, John de Norwyche, John le Barber, William de Derby, and John de Wodhulle.

20 Jan., 36 Edward III. [A.D. 1362-3], Thomas, son of Roger le Carpenter, spicer, came before Stephen Cavendisshe, the Mayor, and John de Cauntebrigge, the Chamberlain, and acknowledged he had received from Thomas de Brandone, mercer, and Richard Vyncent, Rector of the Church of St. Benedict de Shorhoge, and Adam Fraunceys, mercer, all property due to him on the death of his father, and gave acquittance for the same.

Folio clxx b.

Custodia Alam fil' Ric'i atte Mede.

Tuesday after the Feast of Epiphany [6 Jan.], 23 Edward III. [A.D. 1349-50], the guardianship of Alan, son of Richard atte Mede, committed to John de Ponfreyt, blader, by Walter Turk, the Mayor, Roger de Depham, William de Weld, and the rest of the Aldermen [not named], and Thomas de Waldene, the Chamberlain Sureties, viz., Philip de Moundeville, woolmonger, and Roger atte Stone, blader.

Custodia Will'i fil' Ric'i atte Mede.

The same day the guardianship of William, son of the above Richard atte Mede, committed to Philip de Moundeville, woolmonger, by the same. Sureties, viz., John de Ponfreyt, blader and Roger atte Stone, blader.